Question 1

List two therapist variables that are unrelated to treatment outcome and two therapist variables that are likely to be related to treatment outcome.

Accepted Answer

Suggested Answer: 
a)Unrelated:
•age of therapist
•gender of therapist
•personality traits also have little association.
•Ethnicity of therapist
•Values,attitudes,and beliefs
b)Related
•the amount of professional experience (more is generally better,although there is variability in the research)
•Professional background - therapists trained in a mental health discipline have better outcomes than those trained in a health discipline (e.g.,general practitioners)
•Emotional well-being of therapist
•Self-disclosure (judicious use of self-disclosure has been found to have a small and positive effect on treatment outcome.

Question 2

Smith et al.(1980)conducted analyses on data from 56 comparative outcome studies of the behavioural and verbal classes of treatment and found that

Accepted Answer

A)  there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.
B)  verbal classes of treatment were more effective.
C)  behavioural and verbal classes of treatment were equally effective.
D)  neither class of treatment was effective. A

Question 3

Studies that are controlled for the effects of early improvement have found that early therapeutic alliance

Accepted Answer

A)  no longer significantly predicts treatment outcome.
B)  still significantly predicts treatment outcome.
C)  only predicts treatment outcome for low reactant clients.
D)  only predicts treatment outcome for high reactant clients. B

Question 4

Lambert and Ogles (2004)categorized the most commonly suggested common factors in psychotherapy into the following main dimensions:

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoeducational,emotional,and cognitive factors.
B)  vulnerability,protective,and educational factors.
C)  support,learning,and action factors.
D)  internalized,externalized,and alliance factors.

Question 5

Which of the following client variables has been found to influence treatment outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extraversion.
B)  Introversion.
C)  Age.
D)  Socioeconomic status.

Question 6

Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Saul Rosenzweig.
B)  Lester Luborsky.
C)  John Norcross.
D)  Jerome Frank.

Question 7

Starting in the 1950s and 1960s,the development of process-outcome research was influenced by the use of ____________________ as sources of data.

Accepted Answer

A)  recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients' and therapists' experience of the treatment process
B)  responses to projective measures following treatment
C)  standardized measures of experience of the treatment process reported by therapists and clients
D)  recordings of psychotherapy sessions and interviews with family members to assess changes in the client

Question 8

Psychological ___________ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  recoiling
B)  reconsideration
C)  oppositional defiance
D)  reactance

Question 9

Among the empirically based principles of therapeutic change,greater pre-treatment impairment is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
B)  client variable hypothesized to increase likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
C)  intervention target hypothesized to lead to therapeutic change.
D)  client variable that does not systematically impact degree of change.

Question 10

Focusing on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who ________,whereas patients who ________ respond best to a focus on symptom alleviation.

Accepted Answer

A)  are undercontrolled; are introspective
B)  have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
C)  are extroverted; are introverted
D)  have an externalizing style ; have an internalizing style

Question 11

Smith,Glass,and Miller (1980)conducted a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies and found that ________________treatments had the largest effect sizes.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive-behavioural
B)  psychodynamic
C)  humanistic
D)  vocational counseling

Question 12

How does psychological reactance influence the effectiveness of therapeutic directiveness?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does psychological reactance influence the effectiveness...

Question 13

To be effective in delivering psychological services,the psychologist must have

Accepted Answer

A)  a large number of clients,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
B)  knowledge,technical skills,interpersonal sensitivity,and tolerance for distress.
C)  knowledge,ability to put others first at all costs,technical skills,and tolerance for distress.
D)  a large number of clients,ability to put other first at all costs,interpersonal sensitivity,tolerance for distress.

Question 14

Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy are

Accepted Answer

A)  evidence of a flight into health.
B)  short-lived and dissipate quickly.
C)  involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
D)  only evident in CBT.

Question 15

The development of integrative treatment models for psychotherapy has been greatly influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  process-outcome research.
B)  the common factors approach.
C)  interpersonal psychotherapy.
D)  cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 16

List three client variables that influence treatment,and the manner in which they influence treatment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List three client variables that influence treatment,and...

Question 17

What are the important components of the e therapeutic alliance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the important components of the...

Question 18

___________ research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious,whereas ___________ research ask about how an intervention works.

Accepted Answer

A)  Process; process-outcome
B)  Process-outcome; process
C)  Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
D)  Process and process-outcome; treatment-outcome

Question 19

Aspects of the therapeutic relationship associated with successful treatment are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  common factors of psychotherapy.
B)  integrated treatment.
C)  evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
D)  therapeutic alliance.

Question 20

Meta-analyses of the child and adolescent treatment literature have found

Accepted Answer

A)  no differences between treatments.
B)  cognitive-behavioural treatments to be more efficacious than other treatments.
C)  psychodynamic treatments to be more effective than other treatments.
D)  humanistic (play therapy) treatments to be more effective than other treatments.

Exam 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change