Question 1

Stan is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Stan says, "1, 2, 3, 4, 5. There are three!" Assuming he has five toes on his foot, which principle of counting has Stan apparently failed to master?

Accepted Answer

A)   the one-to-one principle
B)   the stable-order principle
C)   the organization principle
D)   the cardinality principle D

Question 2

Liam can count to 20 with ease, and he has almost mastered the 30s, but he has difficulty when he reaches 39, because he doesn't know the next decade's name. At what approximate age is Liam?

Accepted Answer

A)   3 years old
B)   4 years old
C)   5 years old
D)   6 years old B

Question 3

Little Julio wants to have a peanut butter and jam sandwich. He can easily open the jars of peanut butter and jam by himself now. Approximately how old is Julio?

Accepted Answer

A)   2 years
B)   3 years
C)   4 years
D)   5 years B

Question 4

What term did Piaget use to describe the difficulty children often have in taking another person's perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)   animism
B)   scaffolding
C)   a tertiary circular reaction
D)   egocentrism

Question 5

By the age of 3 years, children are capable of sentences containing approximately how many words?

Accepted Answer

A)   5 or more
B)   no more than 10
C)   10 or more
D)   20 or more

Question 6

At approximately what age do most children give up their afternoon nap and adjust their night sleeping time to compensate?

Accepted Answer

A)   1.5 years
B)   2 years
C)   4 years
D)   6 years

Question 7

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries), what is taking place?

Accepted Answer

A)   scaffolding
B)   simplification
C)   equilibration
D)   overextension

Question 8

What are the neural structures we are born with sometimes called?

Accepted Answer

A)   mental software
B)   cognitive schemes
C)   neural pathways
D)   mental hardware

Question 9

While attempting to correctly answer these questions, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about the level of difficulty of this question. What would Vygotsky call these internal mental remarks?

Accepted Answer

A)   private speech
B)   scaffolding
C)   an orienting response
D)   overextension

Question 10

Tori understands many words in a phrase and this helps her to determine the true meaning of what is being communicated, even when a new word is introduced to her. What is the term used to describe this concept?

Accepted Answer

A)   sentence cues
B)   scaffolding
C)   telegraphic speech
D)   overextension

Question 11

Cosmo is a normally developing 4-year-old. Which of the following has Cosmo most likely just begun to do?

Accepted Answer

A)   use phonemes
B)   use words as symbols
C)   expand his vocabulary through fast mapping
D)   use grammatical morphemes effectively

Question 12

Ben's mom, Sofia, makes up a nonsensical word and has Ben repeat it immediately after to her so that he can learn different speech sounds. What is the name for this ability to briefly remember a speech sound?

Accepted Answer

A)   overextension
B)   phonological memory
C)   phonological repetition
D)   speech therapy

Question 13

Francesca does a pretty good job of completing math problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. What concept is illustrated by the difference between what Francesca can do alone and what she can do with assistance?

Accepted Answer

A)   orienting response
B)   animism
C)   one-to-one principle
D)   zone of proximal development

Question 14

When asked to describe why storm clouds travel so slowly in the sky, Jacqueline gives several interesting answers. Which provides the best example of animism?

Accepted Answer

A)   "Since they have no legs, they have to crawl."
B)   "If they were going the other way, they would go faster."
C)   "Because the wind does not blow as high way up in the sky."
D)   "The dark parts of the cloud are heavier and slow it down."

Question 15

Which of the following strategies is recommended for parents dealing with preschool eating difficulties?

Accepted Answer

A)   Relax and realize that it is only a stage.
B)   Make the child stay at the table until the entire plate is cleared.
C)   Encourage the child to try different foods all at once.
D)   Allow the child to eat whatever and whenever he/she chooses.

Question 16

While counting four objects, Yoshiko says "1, 2, 4, 8" one time, and "2, 1, 4, 8" the next time. Which principle of counting has Yoshiko failed to master?

Accepted Answer

A)   the stable-order principle
B)   the cardinality principle
C)   the one-to-one principle
D)   the habituation principle

Question 17

From where does teaching assistance come during scaffolding?

Accepted Answer

A)   it is from peers
B)   it is nonverbal
C)   it is done in informal settings
D)   it is based on the level of the learner's needs

Question 18

Rather than saying "the kitten fell in the bath tub," young Morris says, "Kitty wet," which leaves Morris's mother to wonder about the nature of the liquid on or coming out of the cat. Which linguistic limitation does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)   overextension
B)   fast mapping
C)   telegraphic speech
D)   referential style

Question 19

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B)   Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C)   Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D)   Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Question 20

During a power outage, Blair does not want to finish eating her vanilla ice cream because when the lights went out, "the ice cream turned black." What stage of development is Blair most likely in?

Accepted Answer

A)   concrete operational
B)   formal operational
C)   sensorimotor
D)   preoperational

Exam 5: Growing and Learning in the Preschool Years