Question 1

Which of the following describes the reinforcement element in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A) judging whether to repeat a behavior depending on the consequences of the behavior 
B) encoding information and keeping it in memory so that it can be retrieved later 
C) imitating a model's actions 
D) attending to what a model is saying or doing

Question 2

Shirley repeatedly ends up receiving bad grades in algebra no matter how hard she studies.Eventually,Shirley stops studying for algebra tests and accepts that nothing she does will help her get good grades.In this scenario,Shirley's behavior exemplifies _____ in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) instinctive drift 
C) learned helplessness 
D) preparedness

Question 3

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning 
B) Operant conditioning 
C) Observational learning 
D) Insight learning

Question 4

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with

Accepted Answer

A) sensory adaptations. 
B) perceptual sets. 
C) involuntary responses. 
D) vestibular senses.

Question 5

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. 
B) It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed. 
C) It produces high,steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules. 
D) It is determined by the time elapsed since the last behavior was rewardeD.

Question 6

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) habit. 
B) reflex. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) voluntary behavior.

Question 7

Tyler's grandmother,Rose,has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years.In anticipation of his e-mails,she checks her inbox more than once in a day.However,since Tyler has started college,the emails have stopped.As a result,Rose checks her e-mail only every few days.If this pattern continues,Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail.In classical conditioning,this is known as

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) renewal. 
D) extinction.

Question 8

Joseph,a three-year-old boy,is afraid of the doctor who gave him a shot and made him cry.Consequently,whenever Joseph sees a person in a white laboratory coat,he starts crying.In this scenario,Joseph's behavior best exemplifies

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning. 
B) extinction in classical conditioning. 
C) generalization in operant conditioning. 
D) discrimination in operant conditioning.

Question 9

Describe avoidance learning.Provide an example to illustrate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe avoidance learning.Provide an example to illustrate....

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. 
B) It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. 
C) It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. 
D) It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

Question 11

Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate,Ricky,for doing well on a test.In the context of observational learning,this scenario best exemplifies learning through

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) vicarious punishment. 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Question 12

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) It results in the weakening of the unconditioned stimulus. 
B) It occurs whenever an unconditioned response causes a conditioned response. 
C) It results in the weakening of the conditioned response. 
D) It occurs without further conditioning.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

Accepted Answer

A) It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea 
B) It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea. 
C) It occurs only when the "taste" is the direct cause of the nausea experienced. 
D) It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removeD.

Question 14

In the context of classical conditioning,_____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) generalization 
C) discrimination 
D) extinction

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) forbidding a child from watching television because he broke a glass 
B) forbidding a teenager from leaving the house because he got drunk 
C) scolding a child for being rude to his or her teachers 
D) giving a child a 20-minute time-out for throwing a tantrum

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) conditioned response. 
D) unconditioned response.

Question 17

In classical conditioning,the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning is known as

Accepted Answer

A) parallel processing. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) sensory adaptation. 
D) depth perception.

Question 18

Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and...

Question 19

In operant conditioning,a punishment is a consequence that

Accepted Answer

A) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. 
B) increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. 
C) ensures the removal of something unpleasant. 
D) ensures the occurrence of something pleasant.

Question 20

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A) is always followed by an unpleasant consequence. 
B) increases the frequency of a behavior. 
C) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. 
D) is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

Exam 6: Learning