Question 1

Modern research using Sykes and Matza's theory on the techniques of neutralization have mostly explored major forms of law breaking such as murder.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Social learning theory has been criticized for conflating pre-act techniques of neutralization with post-act techniques of justification.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

When does status frustration emerge?

Accepted Answer

A) when lower-class boys are unable to live up to the middle-class measuring rod in schools 
B) when upper-class boys are unable to live up to the high expectations their parents have of them 
C) when there is a gap between institutionalized goals and the legitimate means of achieving those goals 
D) when lower-class boys who get high grades in school become outcasts among their lower-class peers 
E) when members of the upper-class feel they must turn to corporate crime in order to achieve the goals of the corporation

Question 4

During an interview for the school paper, the local high school valedictorian is asked how he managed to stay out of trouble during his teenage years. He replies, "Are you kidding? I was so busy studying, playing basketball on the school team, participating in the debating club, and volunteering with the Boys' and Girls' Club, I didn't have any time to get into trouble!" Which one of Hirschi's social bonds in reflected in his statement?

Accepted Answer

A) belief 
B) involvement 
C) commitment 
D) attachment 
E) self-control

Question 5

Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime holds that what is central in explaining why some people are pre-disposed to deviant acts while others are not?

Accepted Answer

A) Involvement 
B) Commitment 
C) Parent-child relationship 
D) Self-Control 
E) Both A and B

Question 6

According to functionalist theorists, after people "let off steam" through minor acts of deviance, various processes motivate them to return to their acceptable roles in society. Which process would include sending someone to jail?

Accepted Answer

A) Socialization 
B) profit 
C) persuasion 
D) Coercion 
E) Internalization

Question 7

What is the functionalist perspective of society's rules?

Accepted Answer

A) rules are made to be broken 
B) society's rules reproduce patriarchy 
C) society's rules are determined by powerful groups in society 
D) there is general consensus about what society's rules should be 
E) there is conflict over what society's rules should be

Question 8

How does Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory compare to Merton's strain theory?

Accepted Answer

A) strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities, but differential opportunity theory disagrees 
B) strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities, and differential opportunity theory agrees 
C) strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to illegitimate opportunities, but differential opportunity theory disagrees 
D) strain theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to illegitimate opportunities, and differential opportunity theory agrees 
E) differential opportunity theory proposes that there are structural differences in access to legitimate opportunities, but strain theory disagrees

Question 9

In Robert Merton's anomie and strain theories, "deinstitutionalization of the means" refers to cases where society's emphasis on the legitimate means is greater than its emphasis on the institutionalized goals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

According to social learning theory, all behaviour is due, in part, to differential association.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In some communities in Russia today, there is a growing problem of substance abuse, due to

Accepted Answer

A) enhanced social cohesion under capitalism. 
B) greater moral regulation under capitalism. 
C) more freedom of travel across borders under capitalism. 
D) anomic disorder creating a greater demand for substances. 
E) the need to reduce societal tensions by "letting off steam."

Question 12

Explain how Emile Durkheim would likely answer the question, "Why do people engage in deviance?"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how Emile Durkheim would likely answer...

Question 13

Consider the example of marijuana use. Compare and contrast the types of explanations of this behaviour that might emerge from social learning theory and neutralization theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the example of marijuana use. Compare...

Question 14

In a recent poll in a Grade 3 class, multiple students indicated that they wanted to be "You-Tubers" when they grow up. This data best supports which of the following research studies?

Accepted Answer

A) Agnew's research on strain 
B) Cohen's research on status frustration 
C) Parnby and Sacco's research on fame and celebrity 
D) Hunt's research on jamband subculture 
E) Jones and Quisenberry's study on self-control

Question 15

Which of the following statements is a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?

Accepted Answer

A) television, music, and movies have a substantial impact on the learning of deviance 
B) large groups have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than small groups do 
C) the more important a particular group is to the individual, the greater the influence that group will have on the learning of deviance 
D) the skills needed for deviance are learned within groups, but the motives for deviance are derived from personality factors 
E) shorter periods of interaction have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than long periods of interaction do

Question 16

Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that groups we interact with early in life have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than groups we interact with later in life do. This is known as

Accepted Answer

A) duration. 
B) priority. 
C) intensity. 
D) frequency. 
E) primacy.

Question 17

Social theories of crime largely replaced biological theories of crime by the mid-20th century.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following theories have been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A) Merton's strain theory 
B) differential association theory 
C) social bonds theory 
D) social learning theory 
E) self-control theory

Question 19

Briefly describe Agnew's General Strain Theory. After highlighting the main points, propose a way that you would use this theory to influence social policy. How would you improve social experience with this application of this theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe Agnew's General Strain Theory. After...

Question 20

List the five techniques of neutralization addressed in neutralization theory, and describe the techniques that are used by individuals who download music illegally.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List the five techniques of neutralization addressed...

Exam 2: Explaining Deviance: The Act

Modern research using Sykes and Matza's theory on the techniques of neutralization have mostly explored major forms of law breaking such as murder.

Social learning theory has been criticized for conflating pre-act techniques of neutralization with post-act techniques of justification.

When does status frustration emerge?

Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime holds that what is central in explaining why some people are pre-disposed to deviant acts while others are not?

According to functionalist theorists, after people "let off steam" through minor acts of deviance, various processes motivate them to return to their acceptable roles in society. Which process would include sending someone to jail?

What is the functionalist perspective of society's rules?

How does Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory compare to Merton's strain theory?

In Robert Merton's anomie and strain theories, "deinstitutionalization of the means" refers to cases where society's emphasis on the legitimate means is greater than its emphasis on the institutionalized goals.

According to social learning theory, all behaviour is due, in part, to differential association.

In some communities in Russia today, there is a growing problem of substance abuse, due to

Explain how Emile Durkheim would likely answer the question, "Why do people engage in deviance?"

Consider the example of marijuana use. Compare and contrast the types of explanations of this behaviour that might emerge from social learning theory and neutralization theory.

In a recent poll in a Grade 3 class, multiple students indicated that they wanted to be "You-Tubers" when they grow up. This data best supports which of the following research studies?

Which of the following statements is a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?

Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that groups we interact with early in life have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than groups we interact with later in life do. This is known as

Social theories of crime largely replaced biological theories of crime by the mid-20^th century.

Which of the following theories have been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?

Briefly describe Agnew's General Strain Theory. After highlighting the main points, propose a way that you would use this theory to influence social policy. How would you improve social experience with this application of this theory?

List the five techniques of neutralization addressed in neutralization theory, and describe the techniques that are used by individuals who download music illegally.