Jonah Is in His Psychology Class and Has Just Gotten

Multiple Choice

Jonah is in his psychology class and has just gotten his third exam score back. It's an "F" again! He hasn't passed one single exam this semester. He decides to quit studying for that class at all since it hasn't seemed to help much. Jonah is exhibiting ____.

A) risk aversion
B) temporal discounting
C) the certainty effect
D) learned helplessness