Question 1

Social pressures can sometimes lead to our making mistakes in reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following is true of expert testimony?

Accepted Answer

A)  An expert with a good reputation is generally more reliable. 
B)  Expert testimony is generally unreliable. 
C)  Expert testimony is always reliable. 
D)  Experts never disagree.

Question 3

Which of the following best describe the phenomenon known as "diffusion of responsibility"?

Accepted Answer

A)  When something bad happens, individuals tend to regard everyone including themselves as equally at fault. 
B)  When something bad happens, individuals tend to regard themselves as most at fault. 
C)  When something bad happens, individuals tend to think that only they as individuals have any responsibility to provide aid. 
D)  When something bad happens, individuals tend to think they have no responsibility.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Evidence has no important role to play in rationally evaluating arguments. 
B)  Evidence can only come from one source. 
C)  Evidence for a claim provides us with reasons for believing that claim. 
D)  Evidence cannot be used to support premises in an argument.

Question 5

Immanuel Kant argued for which of the following claims?

Accepted Answer

A)  We can have unmediated knowledge of how the world is, independently of our ways of experiencing it. 
B)  Our knowledge comes primarily from sense experience. 
C)  We can only have knowledge of the world as we experience it. 
D)  Knowledge comes only from reason.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of evidence and experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  An experience can be used as evidence if other evidence does not contradict it. 
B)  Experience is always credible evidence for a claim regardless of what other evidence is available. 
C)  Experience can never be evidence for a claim. 
D)  None of these answers is correct.

Question 7

A rationalist believes that all knowledge comes from reason alone.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Albert Ellis maintains which of the following is the primary source of psychological problems such as depression?

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias 
B)  irrational ideas 
C)  critical thinking courses 
D)  None of these answers is correct.

Question 9

If there is no evidence for a claim,then we must simply suspend belief (not believe the claim or deny the claim).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The belief that previous events affect the probability of current events is known as self-serving bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Humans are better able to remember outstanding events than to remember mundane events.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following is a self-serving bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  believing we are in control of things beyond our control 
B)  a tendency to minimize our strengths 
C)  a tendency to exaggerate our weaknesses 
D)  a tendency to underestimate ourselves as compared to others

Question 13

Memories are always reliable sources of evidence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a common perceptual or cognitive error?

Accepted Answer

A)  probability errors 
B)  self-fulfilling prophecy 
C)  Schnekler's error 
D)  gambler's error

Question 15

What conclusion did the U.S.Air Force draw in their Blue Book report?

Accepted Answer

A)  Evidence from alien autopsies confirm that UFOs exist and merit further study. 
B)  Since there is no evidence that UFOs exist, we can safely conclude that they do not exist. 
C)  Most UFO sightings can be explained without accepting the existence of extraterrestrial beings, but a small number of these sightings have yet to be explained and deserve continuing study. 
D)  All UFO sightings can be explained as hoaxes or natural phenomenon such as ball lightening.

Question 16

Which of the following is a good research habit?

Accepted Answer

A)  keeping full citation information 
B)  presenting quoted material in quotation marks and with an acknowledgment of the source 
C)  citing sources for paraphrased material, surveys, graphs, and charts 
D)  All of these are good research habits.

Question 17

We should usually be skeptical of what others tell us.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

We should always be skeptical of what others tell us.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following is a habit of a good researcher?

Accepted Answer

A)  refusing to consider evidence that contradicts beliefs already held by others 
B)  being able to draw a conclusion after considering all the evidence 
C)  only accepting opinions put forth in textbooks 
D)  assuming that all experts are equally reliable

Exam 4: Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking

Social pressures can sometimes lead to our making mistakes in reasoning.

Which of the following is true of expert testimony?

Which of the following best describe the phenomenon known as "diffusion of responsibility"?

Which of the following is true of evidence?

Immanuel Kant argued for which of the following claims?

Which of the following is true of evidence and experience?

A rationalist believes that all knowledge comes from reason alone.

Albert Ellis maintains which of the following is the primary source of psychological problems such as depression?

If there is no evidence for a claim,then we must simply suspend belief (not believe the claim or deny the claim).

The belief that previous events affect the probability of current events is known as self-serving bias.

Humans are better able to remember outstanding events than to remember mundane events.

Which of the following is a self-serving bias?

Memories are always reliable sources of evidence.

Which of the following is NOT a common perceptual or cognitive error?

What conclusion did the U.S.Air Force draw in their Blue Book report?

Which of the following is a good research habit?

We should usually be skeptical of what others tell us.

We should always be skeptical of what others tell us.

Which of the following is a habit of a good researcher?