Question 1

The misinformation effect refers to the fact that false information,presented after a participant has encoded an event,can alter the participant's subsequent recall of the event.This "planting" of memories

Accepted Answer

A) seems restricted to small memory errors. 
B) is possible only if done by an authority figure. 
C) seems possible for remembered actions but not remembered objects. 
D) can produce memories that are entirely false but nonetheless recalled with confidence.

Question 2

Imagine you are asked to testify at a trial as an expert on eyewitness memory.The defendant is charged with armed robbery,and the prosecution has presented a witness who says that shortly after the crime was committed,she saw the defendant running down the street with a bag in his hands.What would you tell the jury about the accuracy of eyewitness memory in your testimony?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine you are asked to testify at...

Question 3

Explain how the passage of time influences memory,both at shorter durations (hours,days)and longer durations (years,decades).

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the passage of time influences...

Question 4

Which of the following claims about memory accuracy is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Participants' confidence in their false memories is often just as great as their confidence in their accurate recollections. 
B) Children may be even more vulnerable to the "planting" of false memories than adults. 
C) When a participant's response is based on a false memory,the response can be just as detailed as it would be if based on an accurate memory. 
D) Participants are sometimes mistaken in their recollection of an event's minor details,but do not create an entirely new false memory.

Question 5

Connections among our various memories do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) help us to resist source confusion. 
B) serve as retrieval paths. 
C) interweave our various memories,inviting intrusion errors. 
D) link related memories.

Question 6

Some researchers have suggested that highly painful memories can be repressed.This theory

Accepted Answer

A) is considered to be correct by most researchers. 
B) is known to be backwards,because it is actually pleasurable memories that are rapidly forgotten. 
C) is controversial and doubted by many researchers. 
D) has never been tested.

Question 7

Forgetting is generally ________ over the first few minutes and hours and then ________ over subsequent time periods.

Accepted Answer

A) slow;faster 
B) fast;faster 
C) slow;very slow 
D) fast;slower

Question 8

Memory errors and distortions have been documented

Accepted Answer

A) only for memory of the exact phrasing of prose material. 
B) only for memory of unfamiliar material. 
C) in the recall of complex events. 
D) only with material that has been reported to participants,not with material that participants have experienced directly.

Question 9

Memory schemas,or schemata,serve as representations of our ________ knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A) innate,or inborn 
B) specific,or explicit 
C) semantic,or generic 
D) episodic,or autobiographical

Question 10

Baddeley and Hitch asked rugby players to remember all of the rugby games they had played over the course of a single season.According to their data,which is the most important factor in determining whether the players will remember a particular game?

Accepted Answer

A) how many other games they have been in since the target game 
B) how much time has passed since the target game 
C) whether they were satisfied with their performance in the target game 
D) whether the game took place during the week or on a weekend

Question 11

Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed,vivid memories usually associated with highly emotional events.The accuracy of these memories seems

Accepted Answer

A) vulnerable to error,especially if the memory is discussed frequently. 
B) unrelated to any factors researchers have tested so far. 
C) remarkably high,identifying these memories as a special class of episodic recall. 
D) strongly associated with participants' confidence levels,differentiating flashbulb memories from other forms of memories.

Question 12

When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g. ,"bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired"),participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g. ,"sleep").This procedure is commonly referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A) missing word illusion. 
B) word superiority effect. 
C) DRM procedure. 
D) misinformation effect.

Question 13

Shruti and Ryan both witness a car accident;they later discuss what they saw.Unfortunately,Ryan is mistaken about some aspects of the accident,and so part of what he says to Shruti is false.Shruti is less likely to adopt Ryan's false memories if

Accepted Answer

A) Shruti tries to remember the accident only after a long delay. 
B) Shruti knows that Ryan has been highly reliable in the past. 
C) Ryan repeats his (false)recollection a couple of times. 
D) Ryan's version of events is implausible and contradicts what Shruti believes happened.

Question 14

Soldiers sometimes show a pattern referred to as "battlefield amnesia." The soldier is awake and functioning during the battle,then goes back to camp,gets a night's sleep,and then,in the morning,has no memory of the battle.Repression is one explanation for this pattern,but other,less controversial explanations also exist.Which of the following is LEAST likely as a potential explanation for why memories might be encoded poorly during a traumatic event?

Accepted Answer

A) sleep deprivation 
B) head injury 
C) extreme stress 
D) interference

Question 15

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981),participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin.After they left the room,they learned that the study was about their memory of that office.This study demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A) college students do not know what a professor's office typically contains. 
B) people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains. 
C) college students' memories are much worse than the memories of other groups in society. 
D) people tend to notice only those items in the environment that most fit with their expectations.

Question 16

After a witness identifies a suspect,what is the effect of receiving feedback (e.g. ,"that's correct")?

Accepted Answer

A) The witness becomes more confident in his or her answer. 
B) The witness's memory becomes more accurate. 
C) The witness becomes more compliant and willing to tell police what they want to hear. 
D) Having made the identification,the witness is likely to forget what the suspect looks like.

Question 17

Bartlett asked British participants to read stories from Native American folklore,and he later asked them to recall details of the stories.His findings reveal which important idea about memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Memory errors are often the result of attempts to understand what one is learning. 
B) Apparently forgotten details can often be remembered with appropriate cues. 
C) The length of connections determines how well a story will be remembered. 
D) Memory is remarkably good,even for complex stories.

Question 18

If given the list of the words "white," "frost," "freeze," and "flake," which word will people be most likely to erroneously report on a later memory test?

Accepted Answer

A) sled 
B) bright 
C) fall 
D) snow

Question 19

Dmitri witnessed a bank robbery but now seems unable to remember what he saw.To improve Dmitri's recall,a friend hypnotizes him and asks him,while he is hypnotized,to recall the crime.Research indicates that if questioned while under hypnosis Dmitri will

Accepted Answer

A) give a more elaborate (but not more accurate)account of the crime than he has on other occasions. 
B) give a more accurate (but not more complete)account of the crime than he has on other occasions. 
C) be less vulnerable to the effect of leading questions. 
D) suffer from less retrieval failure.

Question 20

In the process of memory consolidation,memories are

Accepted Answer

A) put into the "back of the mind" for their own protection. 
B) intentionally blurred with other memories. 
C) second-guessed in favor of memory schemata already in place. 
D) biologically "cemented into place."

Exam 8: Remembering Complex Events