First-Mover Disadvantages (Or Late-Mover Advantage)arise When

Multiple Choice

First-mover disadvantages (or late-mover advantage) arise when

A) the costs of pioneering are much higher than being a follower and only negligible learning/experience curve benefits accrue to the pioneer.
B) rapid market evolution gives fast-followers an opening to leapfrog the pioneer with next-generation products of their own.
C) the pioneer's products are somewhat primitive and do not live up to buyer expectations, allowing clever followers to win disenchanted buyers with better-performing products.
D) the marketplace is skeptical about the benefits of a new technology or product being pioneered by a first-mover.
E) All of these.