Question 1

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Accepted Answer

A) Extinction; habituation 
B) Habituation; extinction 
C) Habituation; adaptation 
D) Adaptation; habituation

Question 2

_____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

Accepted Answer

A) Functional modification 
B) Genetic modification 
C) Posttranslational modification 
D) Behavior modification

Question 3

Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats,each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line.The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-interval 
D) variable-ratio

Question 4

The _____ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Accepted Answer

A) transformative learning theory 
B) behavioral learning theory 
C) cognitive learning theory 
D) constructivism learning theory

Question 5

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals:

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimuli. 
B) discriminative stimuli. 
C) positive reinforcers. 
D) intermittent reinforcers.

Question 6

In Pavlov's study,the bell is both a(n)_____stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Pavlov's study,the bell is both a(n)_____stimulus...

Question 7

Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it. 
B) It applies to involuntary behavior. 
C) According to classical conditioning,reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior. 
D) According to classical conditioning,organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.After behavior occurs,the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior's consequences.

Question 8

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?

Accepted Answer

A) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; UCS-cocaine 
B) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-pounding heart 
C) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine 
D) Neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine

Question 9

Although a "phonics" approach to reading instruction might capitalize on an analytic learning style,the "whole-word" approach may be better suited to a(n)_____learning style.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although a "phonics" approach to reading instruction...

Question 10

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A) adaptation. 
B) habituation. 
C) conditioning. 
D) maturation.

Question 11

When your partner says "I'm going up to bed early," you follow expectantly.When he or she says,"I'm tired," you stay behind and say you'll read in the living room for a while.This is an example of a _____stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When your partner says "I'm going up...

Question 12

Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill.Now Olympia can't stand the sight of sushi.She has developed a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on...

Question 13

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) In learned taste aversion,the CS and the unconditioned response (UCR)are separated by only a brief interval. 
B) Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. 
C) Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical conditioning processes. 
D) Learned taste aversion is subject to biologically based constraints while,classical conditioning is not.

Question 14

Making reference to neutral,unconditioned,conditioned stimuli,unconditioned,and conditioned responses,distinguish between (a)extinction and spontaneous recovery and (b)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.Give an original example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery,and of either stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Making reference to neutral,unconditioned,conditioned stimuli,unconditioned,and conditioned responses,distinguish...

Question 15

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Accepted Answer

A) Reflexive 
B) Unconditioned 
C) Neutral 
D) Normative

Question 16

A(n)_____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment,like getting paid to work,that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) positive 
C) unconditioned 
D) neutral

Question 17

The term reward is synonymous with:

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement only. 
B) reinforcement generally. 
C) negative reinforcement only. 
D) primary reinforcement only.

Question 18

Dr.DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures.Subsequently,his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate.The students have provided _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) positive 
B) secondary 
C) conditioned 
D) neutral

Question 19

Draw on your knowledge of positive and negative reinforcement,punishment,schedules of reinforcement,stimulus control training,discriminative stimuli,shaping,and biological constraints on learning to describe how you might use operant conditioning to train domestic animals (e.g. ,dogs,cats,horses,etc. )to perform desired behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Draw on your knowledge of positive and...

Question 20

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:

Accepted Answer

A) by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. 
B) by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. 
C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low. 
D) by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.

Exam 6: Learning

_ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.