Question 1

Ally, an athlete, believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time, despite her practicing every day.Which of the following explains Ally's attitude?

Accepted Answer

A) growth mindset 
B) instinctive drift 
C) preparedness 
D) fixed mindset

Question 2

According to E.C.Tolman,

Accepted Answer

A) people learn by observing others' behavior. 
B) punishment increases undesirable behavior. 
C) behavior is goal-directed. 
D) reinforcement is ineffective.

Question 3

Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat.Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry.He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, dogs, and even sealskin coats.This study illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) extinction. 
B) stimulus acquisition in classical conditioning. 
C) stimulus generalization in classical conditioning. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 4

Dr.Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes.Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door.Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr.Meyer closes the classroom door.In this case, closing the door has become a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus (US). 
B) conditioned stimulus (CS). 
C) unconditioned response (UR). 
D) conditioned response (CR).

Question 5

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as

Accepted Answer

A) the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning. 
B) the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions. 
C) the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval. 
D) a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem.

Question 6

In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

Accepted Answer

A) rationalization 
B) extinction 
C) discrimination 
D) generalization

Question 7

_____, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model's actions.

Accepted Answer

A) Attention 
B) Motor reproduction 
C) Replication 
D) Reinforcement

Question 8

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning 
B) Classical conditioning 
C) Latent learning 
D) Observational learning

Question 9

Identify an accurate statement related to operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant conditioning is unaffected by the contingency factor. 
B) Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning. 
C) Operant conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov. 
D) Operant conditioning is also known as observational learning.

Question 10

Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it.This demonstrated that the rats called on their _____ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) vicarious reinforcement learning 
C) insight learning 
D) trial-and-error learning

Question 11

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they're grilling, they will throw him a candy.However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candy as it is not good for his health.He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbor.When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors.According to operant-conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can

Accepted Answer

A) generalize. 
B) substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available. 
C) learn a partial-reinforcement schedule. 
D) discriminate.

Question 12

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it.Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) observational learning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) stimulus experience.

Question 13

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept of

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) observational learning. 
C) latent learning. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 14

Taste aversion is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) immunosuppression. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) habituation.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning in humans is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning provides an explanation of fears. 
B) Classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression. 
C) Classical conditioning can explain drug habituation. 
D) Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

A) A rat learns to run a maze for a cheese food reward instead of a peanut-butter reward. 
B) A rabbit learns to play with children in the park. 
C) A pigeon learns to guide a warhead to its target. 
D) A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in his mouth.

Question 17

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented.In this situation, salivation is the

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 18

Robert drank too much tequila last night.He spent much of this morning vomiting.According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

Accepted Answer

A) He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night. 
B) He will want to drink more tequila right away. 
C) He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive. 
D) He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party.

Question 19

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) operant conditioning. 
C) latent learning. 
D) discovery learning.

Question 20

Miguel has been unable to sleep for the past one week.His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night.The next morning, Miguel is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before.In this scenario, Miguel's response to the vitamin can be attributed to

Accepted Answer

A) the schedules of reinforcement. 
B) aversive conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) the placebo effect.

Exam 5: Learning