Question 1

Your dog has learned to run to his food dish whenever he sees you go to the closet in the laundry room where you keep his dry food.Your dog learned this association through

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 2

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is

Accepted Answer

A) CS---US---UR. 
B) US---CS---CR. 
C) US---UR---CS. 
D) CS---UR---CR.

Question 3

Tony is deathly afraid of heights.His therapist uses a virtual reality program that allows Tony to feel like he is experiencing gradually increasing levels of height.This therapy technique is a type of

Accepted Answer

A) systematic desensitization. 
B) cognitive mapping. 
C) latent learning. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 4

A phobia is best interpreted as a

Accepted Answer

A) rational fear based upon realistic dangers. 
B) conditioned emotional response. 
C) fear shaped by operant conditioning in childhood. 
D) conscious attempt to appear frightened in order to gain attention.

Question 5

After having a "fender­bender" at a particular intersection near work,Nancy had to go safely through this intersection every day for two weeks before she stopped tensing up as she neared this intersection.Being able to go through this intersection without becoming tense shows that Nancy's fear has undergone which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) shaping 
C) a spontaneous recovery 
D) latent learning

Question 6

To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment,an experimenter would present the

Accepted Answer

A) visual stimulus,then the bell,followed by the meat powder. 
B) olfactory stimulus,then the bell,followed by the meat powder. 
C) bell,followed by the meat powder. 
D) bell alone.

Question 7

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment,an experimenter would present the

Accepted Answer

A) bell alone. 
B) meat powder alone. 
C) bell,followed by the meat powder. 
D) meat powder,followed by the bell.

Question 8

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produced by a part of the limbic system called the

Accepted Answer

A) pons. 
B) reticular formation. 
C) amygdala. 
D) corpus callosum.

Question 9

A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections.Although the child has never received an injection,he responds emotionally when a needle is brought near him.His reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) spontaneous recovery of fear. 
C) simple classical conditioning. 
D) vicarious classical conditioning.

Question 10

Three­year­old Jake ran up to the neighbor's new lab puppy.The puppy barked loudly and playfully jumped up on Jake,knocking him down.Although Jake was not hurt,the experience did frighten him.The next time he saw the lab puppy,he hugged his mother's knees and began to cry.Regarding the development of Jake's fear of dogs,this puppy served as the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

If you classically conditioned a person to yawn when he or she heard the word "psychology," the word
"psychology," after conditioning,would be considered the _______ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you classically conditioned a person to...

Question 12

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle,your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A) the informational view. 
B) the interactionism theory. 
C) the law of effect. 
D) shaping.

Question 13

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition. 
B) the instrumental step. 
C) shaping. 
D) latent learning.

Question 14

Although Sydney was not feeling very well,she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch.After eating the food,she became very sick.Upon going to the doctor,she found out that it was a stomach virus that had made her sick,not the food.However,the next time she went to the Chinese restaurant and smelled the food,she immediately felt nauseous.In this story,the unconditioned response (UR)was

Accepted Answer

A) the smell of the Chinese food. 
B) the stomach virus. 
C) getting sick due to the stomach virus. 
D) getting sick to the smell of the Chinese food.

Question 15

During and after conditioning,the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response 
B) unconditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned response

Question 16

Many of the emotional (positive or negative)attitudes that people develop toward foods,political parties,and ethnic groups were developed in childhood by observing how their parents responded to these same foods or groups.Thus,these reactions were probably conditioned

Accepted Answer

A) through negative transference. 
B) by insight learning. 
C) by response chaining. 
D) vicariously.

Question 17

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as the _______ view.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The perspective that explains learning as a...

Question 18

In classical conditioning,a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response.This neutral stimulus will become known as the

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus. 
B) conditioned stimulus. 
C) reflexive stimulus. 
D) latent stimulus.

Question 19

After a response has been extinguished,it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is called

Accepted Answer

A) adaptiveness. 
B) expectation checking. 
C) an extinction recovery. 
D) a spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

A child has learned to avoid a furry,black cat of her neighbor's.However,she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired gray tabby cat.Her response demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A) negative transfer. 
B) extinction. 
C) stimulus discrimination. 
D) successive approximation.

Exam 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning