Question 1

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus (CS). 
B) unconditioned response (UCR). 
C) conditioned response (CR). 
D) operant response (OR).

Question 2

Six-year-old Blair liked the first grade right up until her teacher, Ms. Havemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. For Blair, Mrs. Snarly in the grocery store is an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned response.

Question 3

The different schedules of reinforcement produce different patterns of responding. In the graph shown, the fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is reflected in which pattern of responding?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 4

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, a(n) _____ are repeatedly paired.

Accepted Answer

A) neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response 
B) stimulus and a response 
C) behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence 
D) unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response

Question 5

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sight of a triangle, the triangle alone was presented to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the dog was put back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the triangle was presented to the dog again?

Accepted Answer

A) Because of latent learning, the dog did not salivate. 
B) Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated in response to the triangle. 
C) Learned helplessness developed, and the dog did not respond in any way. 
D) Because the triangle was no longer a discriminative stimulus, the dog did not salivate.

Question 6

When psychologists have tried to produce conditioned fears in young children to such objects as curtains, wooden ducks, or wooden blocks, they were:

Accepted Answer

A) unsuccessful. 
B) able to produce conditioned fears to wooden ducks but not to wooden blocks or curtains. 
C) successful in all three cases, showing that fears can be classically conditioned to virtually any stimuli. 
D) successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise.

Question 7

In humans, the mirror neuron system may play a role in:

Accepted Answer

A) empathy. 
B) information processing. 
C) giftedness. 
D) sleep and dreams.

Question 8

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-interval 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) variable-interval 
D) variable-ratio

Question 9

Based on a review of decades of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing media violence:

Accepted Answer

A) has little or no effect on children's or adults' behavior. 
B) can contribute to an increase in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. 
C) was associated with lower cognitive performance and negative social behavior in African American males but not in white males. 
D) can lead to a decrease in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Question 10

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) extinction. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) latent learning.

Question 11

Cal works in a factory and is paid based upon his productivity. For every 100 widgets that Cal assembles, he receives $10. The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-interval 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) variable-interval 
D) variable-ratio

Question 12

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcer 
B) negative reinforcer 
C) conditioned reinforcer 
D) punishment reinforcer

Question 13

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) biological preparedness 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 14

Over the past four decades, more than 1,000 studies have investigated the relationship between media depictions of violence and increases in aggressive behavior in the real world. One key finding is that violent behavior is portrayed in _____ of all television programs.

Accepted Answer

A) a small minority 
B) one half 
C) nearly two-thirds 
D) 95 percent

Question 15

On the first trial, a rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after 50 seconds have elapsed. On the second trial, the first bar press after 70 seconds is reinforced. Although it varies from trial to trial, the average works out to one reinforcer every 60 seconds. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-interval 
D) variable-ratio

Question 16

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement delay 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) motivational commitment 
D) stimulus control

Question 17

A psychological and/or physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug is called:

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) an unconditioned response (UCR). 
C) an operant response. 
D) a placebo response or placebo effect.

Question 18

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) negative; positive 
B) positive; negative 
C) primary; conditioned 
D) conditioned; primary

Question 19

After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream immediately to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement by escape. 
B) positive reinforcement. 
C) negative reinforcement by avoidance. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 20

The textbook describes a movement called gamification that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which ''points'' or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors. What is a potential danger of gamification according to the textbook?

Accepted Answer

A) Marketing professionals are already studying ways to use gamification to influence consumer preferences and buying decisions. 
B) Gamification is based on the traditional prescientific view of human behavior and will lead to the destruction of society. 
C) The principles of operant conditioning only work on animals, and applying operant conditioning to human beings can result in unforeseen consequences. 
D) Gamification is likely to precipitate the zombie apocalypse.

Exam 5: Section 2: Learning

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n) :