Question 1

Why were seventeenth-century European intellectuals so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge? What did it mean then to become a methodical (or systematic) thinker or researcher?

Accepted Answer

Seventeenth-century European intellectuals were so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge because they were living in a time of great intellectual and scientific revolution. The Renaissance had sparked a renewed interest in the study of classical texts and the natural world, leading to a surge in new discoveries and ideas. This, in turn, created a need for more systematic and organized methods of study in order to make sense of the rapidly expanding body of knowledge.

Becoming a methodical or systematic thinker or researcher during this time meant adopting a more rigorous and structured approach to the pursuit of knowledge. It involved developing clear and logical methods for conducting research, organizing information, and drawing conclusions. This shift towards methodical thinking was driven by a desire for greater precision and accuracy in understanding the world, as well as a recognition of the limitations of relying solely on tradition or intuition. By becoming methodical thinkers and researchers, intellectuals aimed to bring greater order and coherence to the vast and diverse realms of human knowledge, ultimately paving the way for the development of modern scientific and academic disciplines.

Question 2

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Galileo wrote

Accepted Answer

A)   nothing of note.
B)   a translation of the Bible in Italian.
C)   The Starry Messenger.
D)   On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
E)   Principia. C

Question 4

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

Accepted Answer

A)   that humans through science were masters of nature.
B)   that science was for the benefit of all humanity.
C)   in women being equal to men, despite her position.
D)   of a Newtonian world-machine.
E)   of a heliocentric universe.

Question 5

IDENTIFICATIONS
-Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner...

Question 6

On the Fabric of the Human Body

Accepted Answer

A)   was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
B)   contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation.
C)   contained Paracelsus' theories on a macrocosm-microcosm universe.
D)   was Galen's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors in the Middle Ages.
E)   was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.

Question 7

IDENTIFICATIONS
-Maria Winkelmann

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-Maria Winkelmann...

Question 8

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

Accepted Answer

A)   It was of little consequence.
B)   The term "Revolution" is a misnomer that ought not be applied.
C)   It was a major turning point.
D)   It destroyed the moral foundation of a Christian civilization.
E)   It was a minor turning point.

Question 9

IDENTIFICATIONS
-Galileo Galilei

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-Galileo Galilei...

Question 10

IDENTIFICATIONS
-Philosophical Transactions

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-Philosophical Transactions...

Question 11

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

Accepted Answer

A)   William Harvey.
B)   Paracelsus.
C)   Andreas Vesalius.
D)   Robert Boyle.
E)   Antoine Lavoisier.

Question 12

The Scientific Revolution was not a revolution that explosively changed and rapidly overthrew traditional authority, but its results were truly revolutionary.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How was the new scientific knowledge spread...

Question 14

IDENTIFICATIONS
-French Royal Academy of Sciences

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-French Royal Academy of Sciences...

Question 15

IDENTIFICATIONS
-Ptolemaic universe

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-Ptolemaic universe...

Question 16

Benedict de Spinoza

Accepted Answer

A)   believed that humans were created separate from nature in order to rule the earth.
B)   claimed that God was not just the creator the universe-God was the universe.
C)   accepted Descartes' theory about the separation between mind and matter.
D)   rejected all forms of pantheistic belief.
E)   disagreed with the theory of a heliocentric universe.

Question 17

Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margaret Cavendish, Maria Merian, and Maria Winkelmann, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

IDENTIFICATIONS
-"new drugs"

Accepted Answer

The answer of IDENTIFICATIONS
-"new drugs"...

Question 19

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

Accepted Answer

A)   authorities reluctantly agreed to his theories
B)   turned him over to the Papal Curia.
C)   allowed Galileo six months to change his mind concerning his theories
D)   forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition
E)   turned him over to the Inquisition to be tortured

Question 20

The philosophy of René Descartes

Accepted Answer

A)   stressed a separation of mind and matter.
B)   stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God.
C)   saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence.
D)   would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century.
E)   was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.

Exam 4: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: the Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

Why were seventeenth-century European intellectuals so intent on developing methods of study for entire bodies and specific fields of human knowledge? What did it mean then to become a methodical (or systematic) thinker or researcher?

Unlike Francis Bacon, who argued that humanity's powers were to be used to "conquer nature," Benedict de Spinoza claimed that nature does not exist for human domination because nature and the universe and humanity itself are all part of God.

Galileo wrote

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

IDENTIFICATIONS -Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner

On the Fabric of the Human Body

IDENTIFICATIONS -Maria Winkelmann

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

IDENTIFICATIONS -Galileo Galilei

IDENTIFICATIONS -Philosophical Transactions