Question 1

In the construction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortion may take place as we try to retrieve that memory. The following is NOT TRUE about this process:

Accepted Answer

A)   With encoding, we may select only some aspects of the event when forming the memory.
B)   Memory traces deteriorate with time passing.
C)   Various sounds encoded when processing a memory are easy to retrieve.
D)   Distortions of memories can occur during the process of retrieval. C

Question 2

The memory process is often described as having the following component(s):

Accepted Answer

A)   encoding, storage, retrieval.
B)   storage, retrieval, identification.
C)   retrieval, storage, processing.
D)   processing, encoding, storage. A

Question 3

According to the text, estimates of time during the course of a stressful event are _____ the actual length of the event.

Accepted Answer

A)   about half of
B)   almost twice
C)   three to four times
D)   over ten times C

Question 4

The maintenance of information over time within the brain is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   storage.
B)   retrieval.
C)   encoding.
D)   processing.

Question 5

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

Accepted Answer

A)   storage
B)   retrieval
C)   top-down processing
D)   encoding

Question 6

According to a study completed by Morgan and his colleagues (2004), stress appears to have an effect on eyewitness identification. Based on the results found, the rate of correct identification was _____ in low-stress conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)   higher
B)   lower
C)   similar
D)   None of the above is correct about eyewitness identification.

Question 7

Cross-racial identifications are generally _____ accurate than/as same-race identifications.

Accepted Answer

A)   somewhat more
B)   less
C)   as
D)   a great deal more

Question 8

Cognitive dissonance may best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)   an uncomfortable feeling when someone has conflicting thoughts.
B)   a tendency to maintain a course of action.
C)   a tendency to become less certain of your opinion.
D)   an uncomfortable feeling when someone is positive of being right.

Question 9

_____ is the part of the memory process that involves accessing and pulling out stored information at a later time.

Accepted Answer

A)   Storage
B)   Retrieval
C)   Encoding
D)   Priming

Question 10

According to psychologists, memory is a _____-part component process.

Accepted Answer

A)   two
B)   three
C)   four
D)   five

Question 11

Cross-race effect has been shown to be consistently strong:

Accepted Answer

A)   regardless of exposure to races other than one's own.
B)   despite special training intended to reduce it.
C)   for people of different ages.
D)   for those from bi-racial families.

Question 12

Individuals often _____ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _____ event.

Accepted Answer

A)   underestimate; stressful
B)   overestimate; stressful
C)   underestimate; interesting
D)   overestimate; interesting

Question 13

Alternative suspects in the lineup or photo spread are called:

Accepted Answer

A)   accomplices.
B)   fillers.
C)   co-defendants.
D)   bystanders.

Question 14

Research is an important part of understanding how eyewitness accounts are derived. As such, a range of factors are often considered. Those factors that are within the control of the justice system are:

Accepted Answer

A)   system variables.
B)   dependent variables.
C)   independent variables.
D)   estimator variables.

Question 15

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   retrieval inhibition.
B)   scripts.
C)   own-race bias.
D)   unconscious transference.

Question 16

Memory is not a perfect procedure. Errors can take place at any given point in the process and memories may not last forever. _____ is the term used to describe the biochemical representation of our experiences within the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)   Heuristics
B)   Bottom-up processing
C)   Top-down processing
D)   Memory trace

Question 17

The Manson criteria, emphasized by courts, consist of five factors to be taken into account when evaluating eyewitness identification accuracy. The following factor was clearly disproven by research:

Accepted Answer

A)   the level of attention the witness was paying to what was going on.
B)   the level of confidence the witness is exhibiting about his or her memory of the event.
C)   the amount of time between the crime and identification event.
D)   the accuracy of the witness's previous descriptions of the event or perpetrator.

Question 18

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their racial group than those outside their own racial group is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   the cross-race effect.
B)   the meta-analysis effect.
C)   the same-race effect.
D)   prejudice.

Question 19

When the eyewitness is a child, it is likely that the accuracy of information they can provide is _____ that provided by an adult.

Accepted Answer

A)   more accurate compared to
B)   less accurate compared to
C)   as accurate as.
D)   more likely to be impacted by retrieval inhibition than

Question 20

The process of having an eyewitness looking at one person or photograph at a time is referred to as _____ lineups.

Accepted Answer

A)   simultaneous
B)   coinciding
C)   sequential
D)   consequential

Exam 7: Section 2: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony