Question 1

"Cooperativity" in long-term potentiation (LTP)refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  use of the same type of neurotransmitter in both the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. 
B)  simultaneous activity of several synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron. 
C)  nearly simultaneous activity of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons. 
D)  ability of the postsynaptic cell to use retrograde messengers such as NO to communicate with the presynaptic cell.

Question 2

Information about how to do something is stored in _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural 
B)  episodic 
C)  sensory 
D)  semantic

Question 3

Research suggests that the best candidate for a "convergence zone" for semantic knowledge is located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus. 
B)  frontal lobes. 
C)  temporal lobes. 
D)  widely distributed areas of association cortex.

Question 4

Neural recordings by Ojemann and his colleagues showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  we probably have generic memory neurons. 
B)  neurons responded differently to the specific type of information being processed. 
C)  neurons produce the same level of activity during encoding and retrieval. 
D)  neural activity is not correlated with specific memories.

Question 5

Poor performance on the delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS)test probably indicates difficulty forming new _________ memories.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory 
B)  short-term 
C)  long-term 
D)  working

Question 6

The change in responsiveness observed by Kandel in sensitization appears to involve the greatest role for which of the following ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  sodium 
B)  chloride 
C)  magnesium 
D)  potassium

Question 7

What fiber pathway is indicated in this illustration by the number 8?

Accepted Answer

A)  the perforant pathway 
B)  the fornix 
C)  the mossy fiber pathway 
D)  the climbing fiber pathway

Question 8

In long-term potentiation (LTP),a rapid series of shocks

Accepted Answer

A)  increases postsynaptic potentials in target hippocampal cells. 
B)  decreases postsynaptic potentials in target hippocampal cells. 
C)  reduces sensitivity to neurotransmitter in target hippocampal cells. 
D)  produces sensitization.

Question 9

Basic knowledge of facts and language are stored in _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural 
B)  episodic 
C)  sensory 
D)  semantic

Question 10

What are the results of increasing CREB-1 and CREB-2 activity in fruit flies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the results of increasing CREB-1...

Question 11

Tom is on the telephone trying to help his girlfriend do a Windows Restore after her computer crashed.In order to provide his girlfriend with the right instructions,Tom must access his _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural 
B)  episodic 
C)  semantic 
D)  explicit

Question 12

Drosophila engineered to produce extra CREB-1

Accepted Answer

A)  were unable to learn and form short-term memories. 
B)  were able to form short-,but not long-term memories. 
C)  formed long-term memories more easily than usual. 
D)  showed habituation and sensitization,but not classical conditioning.

Question 13

"Fixed action patterns" are also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexes. 
B)  instincts. 
C)  examples of associative learning. 
D)  examples of nonassociative learning.

Question 14

Lashley's concept of equipotentiality means that

Accepted Answer

A)  learning and memory functions are highly localized in the brain. 
B)  size and location of lesions have equal impacts on learned behavior. 
C)  all parts of the cortex make equal contributions to learning and memory. 
D)  the amount of cortex you have is not related to how well you can learn.

Question 15

Long-term potentiation (LTP)in the hippocampus probably involves _________ receptors.

Accepted Answer

A)  GABA 
B)  THC 
C)  nicotinic acetylcholine 
D)  NMDA glutamate

Question 16

The Schaffer collateral pathway connects

Accepted Answer

A)  the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn of the hippocampus. 
B)  association cortex and the hippocampus. 
C)  the CA3 and CA1 areas of Ammon's horn. 
D)  the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.

Question 17

You recently heard about a friend who had been injured in an accident that resulted in damage to her cerebellum.What possible learning problems would you expect to be the result of this injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  She will suffer from anterograde amnesia. 
B)  She will suffer from retrograde amnesia. 
C)  She will be unable to learn new motor skills,and may not even be able to perform previously learned new ones. 
D)  There should be no effect on learning,as the cerebellum is only important for performing motor tasks.

Question 18

Long-term depression (LTD)reflects _________ in Purkinje cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases in EPSPs 
B)  decreases in EPSPs 
C)  increases in IPSPs 
D)  decreases in IPSPs

Question 19

The prefrontal cortex manages decision-making,planning,and other coping skills during a stressful event when dopamine and norepinephrine levels are

Accepted Answer

A)  moderate. 
B)  low. 
C)  high. 
D)  first high,then drop off gradually.

Question 20

Habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica is largely due to reduced responsiveness of the sensory neurons serving the siphon.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 12: Learning and Memory

"Cooperativity" in long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to the