Question 1

In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C, and D, the experimenter decides to use a Latin square for counterbalancing. Assuming that ten participants will be tested in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  40 
B)  10 
C)  80 
D)  4

Question 2

Demand characteristics refer to

Accepted Answer

A)  aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the study's hypotheses 
B)  demands placed on experimenters by non-cooperative participants 
C)  pressures placed on participants by experimenters who want a study to come out a certain way 
D)  features of the study that raise evaluation apprehension in subjects

Question 3

Describe two procedures for accomplishing counterbalancing for studies in which each participant encounters each level of the independent variable just one time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe two procedures for accomplishing counterbalancing for...

Question 4

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each condition more than once, block randomization could produce each of the following sequences except

Accepted Answer

A)  ACCBAB 
B)  ABCCBA 
C)  CABBCA 
D)  BACCBA

Question 5

Distinguish subject bias and experimenter bias, show how they could interact, and explain how they can be controlled.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish subject bias and experimenter bias, show...

Question 6

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as opposed to 5, 6, and 7) 
B)  they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects 
C)  they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional studies 
D)  they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

Question 7

For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred?

Accepted Answer

A)  Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats? 
B)  Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants? 
C)  Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures? 
D)  Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?

Question 8

Terman's studies of gifted children

Accepted Answer

A)  showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect 
B)  was flawed by problems with attrition 
C)  used a longitudinal design 
D)  used a cross-sectional design

Question 9

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  a warm-up effect 
B)  a wind change 
C)  brand B is better 
D)  any of the above are possible explanations

Question 10

A between-subjects design

Accepted Answer

A)  requires fewer subjects than a comparable within-subjects design 
B)  must deal with the problem of sequence effects 
C)  includes at least two different groups of participants 
D)  tests the same group of participants at each level of the independent variable

Question 11

Describe Rosenthal's person perception procedure and explain what it has to do with experimenter bias. How may such bias be eliminated from a study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Rosenthal's person perception procedure and explain...

Question 12

Distinguish between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in developmental research and describe the control problems associated with each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in...

Question 13

A within-subjects design

Accepted Answer

A)  requires more subjects than a comparable between-subjects design 
B)  must deal with the problem of order effects 
C)  tests different groups of participants at each level of the independent variable 
D)  includes at least three different groups of subjects

Question 14

In between-subject designs,

Accepted Answer

A)  each subject participates in at least two levels of the independent variable 
B)  relatively small numbers of participants usually need to be recruited 
C)  blocked random assignment can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups 
D)  block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing

Question 15

Experimenter bias can be reduced by using a(n) _________ procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the subject knows which condition is being tested.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experimenter bias can be reduced by using...

Question 16

Why does counterbalancing solve progressive order effects better than carry-over effects?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does counterbalancing solve progressive order effects...

Question 17

When deciding to use matching, which of the following is unimportant as a factor contributing to the decision?

Accepted Answer

A)  sample size 
B)  whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable 
C)  whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential matching variable 
D)  all of the above are important

Question 18

All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except

Accepted Answer

A)  concern over order effects 
B)  requires smaller N than comparable between-subjects designs 
C)  researcher will use either random assignment or matching 
D)  some form of counterbalancing will be used

Question 19

When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used?

Accepted Answer

A)  when a Latin square is mentioned in the design 
B)  when the independent variable is a manipulated variable 
C)  when a subject variable is being used 
D)  whenever there are more than 40 subjects being tested

Question 20

Describe two procedures for accomplishing counterbalancing for studies in which each participant encounters each level of the independent variable more than one time.

Accepted Answer