Suppose There Are 100 Studies That Failed to Demonstrate an Effect

Multiple Choice

Suppose there are 100 studies that failed to demonstrate an effect of gender on false memories, but 8 studies that showed a gender difference. One may conclude from reading the published studies there is a gender difference, but one may be incorrect due to

A) incomplete confidence intervals.
B) error variance.
C) systematic variance.
D) a phenomenon called a file drawer effect.