Question 1

In the Rescorla-Wagner model,the more surprising the unconditional stimulus is,the greater the need for an organism to ________ it using a conditional stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  condition 
B)  fear 
C)  predict 
D)  reinforce

Question 2

Of the following,which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest acquisition?

Accepted Answer

A)  ratio 
B)  interval 
C)  continuous 
D)  fixed

Question 3

A mother is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler.She is using exaggerated,slow movements to tie her shoes.She is:

Accepted Answer

A)  imitating. 
B)  mirroring. 
C)  demonstrating. 
D)  reinforcing.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  The second time she gets her eyes tested,Sammy blinks when the buzzer rings because she predicts a puff of air is coming after the buzzer. 
B)  A baby begins to reach and fuss when his mother opens the refrigerator to get the bottle out. 
C)  A baby can sit up at six months,but rarely can at two months. 
D)  Your cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of a can opener.

Question 5

Watson's study of Little Albert was one of the first studies on what clinical phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  overeating 
B)  phobias 
C)  OCD 
D)  ADHD

Question 6

According to classical-conditioning theory,phobias develop as the result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  cultural learning. 
B)  biological preparedness. 
C)  specification of a fear experience. 
D)  generalization of a fear experience.

Question 7

What is a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  an innate response 
B)  a response that has been learned 
C)  an automatic response 
D)  a reflex

Question 8

Reinforcement is to punishment as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increase; decrease 
B)  decrease; increase 
C)  before; after 
D)  awareness; wariness

Question 9

Thorndike's rule that actions resulting in good outcomes will be repeated and bad outcomes will NOT be repeated is known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  mass action rule. 
B)  law of effect. 
C)  tenet of behavioral reciprocity. 
D)  operant theory of cognition.

Question 10

Positive punishment and negative punishment are similar in that both:

Accepted Answer

A)  produce an increase in behavior. 
B)  produce a decrease in behavior. 
C)  involve the administration of a stimulus. 
D)  involve the removal of a stimulus.

Question 11

Token economies are widely used in ________,an area that involves the application of operant-conditioning procedures to help people engage in better behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  social learning 
C)  behavior modification 
D)  observational learning

Question 12

Based on his work,Pavlov believed that ________ was the critical element needed for acquisition to occur during conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  contingency 
B)  contiguity 
C)  reflexivity 
D)  symmetry

Question 13

What term is used to describe an increase in a behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation 
B)  sensitization 
C)  orienting 
D)  aplysia

Question 14

When conditioning occurs due to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (CS),resulting in a CS-CS learned association,this process is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  second-order conditioning. 
C)  additive conditioning. 
D)  an experimental error.

Question 15

In conditioning birds and rats,you find that it is easier to condition birds with vision-relevant stimuli than with taste-relevant stimuli,and it is easier to condition rats with taste-relevant stimuli than with vision-relevant stimuli.These results are true because:

Accepted Answer

A)  unlike rats,birds rely on vision more than taste for food selection. 
B)  birds are the only species that lack the ability for learned food aversions. 
C)  unlike rats,birds have no taste buds. 
D)  birds and rats evolved separately.

Question 16

Eric Kandel's study of learning in invertebrate animals provided evidence for neuronal alteration during:

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation and sensitization. 
B)  the fight-or-flight response. 
C)  orienting and defensive reactions. 
D)  receipt of reward or punishment.

Question 17

What anxiety disorder is seen as an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat?

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized anxiety disorder 
B)  a phobia 
C)  obsessive-compulsive disorder 
D)  panic disorder

Question 18

Which sentence below best defines the concept of tabula rasa?

Accepted Answer

A)  An infant comes into the world with a genetic blueprint.All the knowledge the infant subsequently acquires is determined by the infant's genetic code. 
B)  An infant comes into the world with a genetic blueprint,but his or her knowledge can be shaped through sensory experiences in the world. 
C)  An infant comes into the world knowing nothing.The infant's genetic blueprint largely overrides the knowledge acquired through his or her sensory experiences in the world. 
D)  An infant comes into the world knowing nothing.The infant then acquires all of his or her knowledge through sensory experiences in the world.

Question 19

What type of information CANNOT be learned through observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  societal expectations,such as how to act at the dinner table 
B)  complex motor tasks,such as how to operate a lawnmower 
C)  reinforcement schedules,such as when a behavior is rewarded and how 
D)  stimulus-response chains,such as reacting to a loud sound

Question 20

A cognitive map is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  analogy for neural representations of learning. 
B)  spatial representation of the environment. 
C)  analogue of the neural net. 
D)  decision tree-type process of economic learning.

Exam 6: Learning