Question 1

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a stop sign 
B)  the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning 
C)  the white rat in Watson's Little Albert study of producing phobias 
D)  a knee jerk

Question 2

An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  biofeedback 
B)  contingency training 
C)  cellular training 
D)  social learning

Question 3

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
B)  first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed 
C)  next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred 
D)  next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred

Question 4

When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke's kiss was the:

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 5

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  grades 
B)  water 
C)  money 
D)  recognition

Question 6

Operant conditioning is based on the research of ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Thorndike; Garcia 
B)  Thorndike; Skinner 
C)  Watson; Pavlov 
D)  Bucher; Lovaas

Question 7

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  2nd order conditioning

Question 8

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological preparedness 
B)  inherited conditioned dispositions 
C)  long-term spontaneous recovery 
D)  vicarious classical conditioning

Question 9

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  primary 
D)  secondary

Question 10

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn't occur 
B)  when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials 
C)  the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose 
D)  the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary

Question 11

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  latent learning 
D)  insight learning

Question 12

A key to social learning theory is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning 
B)  cognitive mapping 
C)  latent learning 
D)  observational learning

Question 13

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so 
B)  recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better 
C)  positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down 
D)  negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

Question 14

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Accepted Answer

A)  if it is a primary reinforcer 
B)  if it is a positive reinforcer 
C)  if it is a negative reinforcer 
D)  regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur

Question 15

When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, ________ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Question 16

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement 
B)  the Law of Negative Effect 
C)  conditional emotional linkages 
D)  a long time delay

Question 17

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

Accepted Answer

A)  if it is a primary reinforcer 
B)  if it is a positive reinforcer 
C)  if it is a negative reinforcer 
D)  regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.

Question 18

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that's ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  voluntary; involuntary 
B)  involuntary; voluntary 
C)  operant; instrumental 
D)  instrumental; classical

Question 19

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction 
B)  inhibition 
C)  stimulus generalization 
D)  discrimination

Question 20

The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of ________ to control behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Exam 5: Learning

An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.

An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________.

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke's kiss was the:

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Operant conditioning is based on the research of and .

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called ________.

Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.

When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that ________.

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.

A key to social learning theory is ________.

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, ________ has occurred.

In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.

Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?

There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's . But if she then swats at the gnat, that's .

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called ________.

The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of ________ to control behavior.