Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes social-cognitive learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children learn best through observation as long as they are consistently rewarded for the same behaviors.
B)  Children respond best to frequent reinforcement and praise.
C)  Rewards and punishers are not always necessary as children learn through observing siblings' interactions with their parents.
D)  Punishment is preferred over reinforcement as a means of teaching new behaviors. C

Question 2

List the psychosocial crises that a child between the ages of 1 and 12 years will need to resolve to successfully develop.

Accepted Answer

autonomy vs.shame and doubt;initiative vs.guilt;industry vs.inferiority

Question 3

Two-year-old Sven can use crayons and paper to draw pictures.According to Piaget,why is Sven drawing pictures?

Accepted Answer

A)  He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts.
B)  At this age,the drawings mean nothing;Sven is simply improving his motor skills.
C)  Sven is in the early stages of learning to write.
D)  He is presenting an outward manifestation of others' thoughts. A

Question 4

Which of the following is credited with introducing the term operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Albert Bandura
B)  
B)  F.Skinner
C)  Sigmund Freud
D)  Erik Erikson

Question 5

Watson believed that children could be trained to do anything through

Accepted Answer

A)  manipulation of the environment.
B)  sensory deprivation.
C)  focus on meeting early basic needs.
D)  biological conditioning.

Question 6

At which stage of development would a 25-year-old adult be in Erikson's theory? Name the crisis to be resolved in this stage and give an example of this resolution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At which stage of development would a...

Question 7

Which of the following best defines the word scheme according to Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A)  A child's mischievous plan to outwit her parents
B)  The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar information in the future
C)  The meaning a child ascribes to an experience
D)  A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions

Question 8

Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful
B)  Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others
C)  Becoming purposeful,goal-oriented,and assertive,which leads to conflicts with parents
D)  Being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust

Question 9

Which of the following do psychoanalytic and most learning theories have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  They both believe that nurture has the largest impact on development.
B)  They are both stability theories.
C)  They both believe that we are passive recipients of environmental influences.
D)  They both believe that we are active in shaping our own development.

Question 10

Every time I go to the grocery store,I purchase lottery tickets,but I have never won anything.If Skinner's theory is correct,what will eventually happen to my lottery-ticket-buying behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Every time I go to the grocery...

Question 11

Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning
B)  The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience
C)  The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment
D)  Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment

Question 12

Which of the following is true of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding.
B)  Most current research supports Vygotsky's ideas.
C)  Children who work collaboratively perform worse on sophisticated tasks than children who work alone.
D)  Most of the current research contradicts Vygotsky's ideas.

Question 13

Which of the following best defines the term conservation according to Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A)  The child learns the importance of recycling.
B)  The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea.
C)  The child learns the importance of treating their environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered.
D)  The child learns that when an object changes shape,its quantity remains the same.

Question 14

Developmentalists who study children's cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an information-processing perspective would agree upon which of the following observations about children's cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)  The development of memory is not an important aspect of cognitive development.
B)  Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment.
C)  The development of logical thinking is based upon processes that are less complex than conditioned responses.
D)  Age is not a determining factor in how children manage and process information to think about and act upon the world.

Question 15

Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned.
B)  It works well when trying to modify undesirable behaviors.
C)  It explains unconscious,involuntary emotional responses.
D)  It defines specific stages most humans pass through as they grow and develop.

Question 16

Which of the following is a common mistake that parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They forget to use continuous schedules of reinforcement.
B)  They create intermittent schedules of reinforcement when they think they are punishing.
C)  They use intermittent punishment,when they should be using intermittent schedules of reinforcement.
D)  They use punishment too frequently.

Question 17

In operant conditioning terms,all behavior boils down to reaction to what?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In operant conditioning terms,all behavior boils down...

Question 18

Neo-Piagetian theorists combine which of the following to explain cognitive development in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Erikson's developmental stages and Piaget's cognitive theory
B)  Piaget's cognitive theory and information processing theory
C)  Bandura's observational theory and Piaget's cognitive theory
D)  Social-learning theory and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Question 19

According to Piaget's theory,which of the following best applies to the process of assimilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Changing a scheme as a result of acquiring new information
B)  Being shaped by the environment
C)  Using an internal model of experience
D)  Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience

Question 20

Which of the following theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking,memory,and logic?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitive
B)  Social
C)  Psychodynamic
D)  Behavioral

Exam 2: Theories of Development