Question 1

Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when

Accepted Answer

A)  the behavioral response is already within the child's repertory of behaviors. 
B)  the model receives reinforcement for the behavior to be imitated. 
C)  the child has had no previous experience with unreinforced imitations. 
D)  the act of imitation itself has taken on the qualities of a reinforcer.

Question 2

Behavioral approaches to psychopathology emphasize the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral deficits. 
B)  maladaptive responses. 
C)  both (a) and (b). 
D)  neither (a) nor (b).

Question 3

Situational specificity in behavior might be due to

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  intermittent reinforcement.

Question 4

According to Skinner, individuals

Accepted Answer

A)  have unique reinforcement histories. 
B)  all follow the same rules of learning. 
C)  both (a) and (b). 
D)  neither (a) nor (b).

Question 5

The learning theory account for psychotherapy is that individuals are not mentally sick, but rather

Accepted Answer

A)  they are mentally ill. 
B)  they have failed to learn a response or they have learned a maladaptive response. 
C)  they are physically sick. 
D)  they suffer from stimulus generalization and response constriction.

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the two basic assumptions underlying the learning theory approach to psychology put forward in the text?

Accepted Answer

A)  Research methodology is important. 
B)  Nearly all behavior is learned. 
C)  People are basically active rather than reactive. 
D)  Both (a) and (c).

Question 7

Pavlov's classical conditioning design allowed him to investigate many important phenomena. Which of the following is not one of these phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  extinction.

Question 8

In Kandel's (2000) study with Aplysia, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  shock 
B)  gill withdrawal reflex 
C)  stimulation to part of the body that causes gill withdrawal reflex, when touched 
D)  neural activity

Question 9

The repeated presentation of a bell with electric shock will lead to the bell becoming

Accepted Answer

A)  a CS. 
B)  an US. 
C)  a CR. 
D)  an UR.

Question 10

According to the text, many psychologists with a behavioral orientation are turning to an emphasis on _________ in behavior and on minimizing the importance of individual differences in personality.

Accepted Answer

A)  internal events, inside the organism 
B)  situational specificity 
C)  computer analogies 
D)  unconscious forces

Question 11

A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is

Accepted Answer

A)  one emphasizes learning, the other does not. 
B)  one emphasizes the organization of responses, the other does not. 
C)  one emphasizes anxiety, the other does not. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 12

The key aspect of a reinforcer is that it influences the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

With regard to behavior and its determinant, the learning theory approach tends to see the main determinants of behavior as being

Accepted Answer

A)  inside the organism. 
B)  under mostly cognitive control. 
C)  external to the organism. 
D)  a combination of internal drives and cognitive controls.

Question 14

A distinguishing feature of behavioral assessment is an emphasis on

Accepted Answer

A)  specific responses in general situations. 
B)  specific responses in specific situations. 
C)  general responses in specific situations. 
D)  general responses in general situations.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a strong criticism of Skinner's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  there is evidence of learning in the absence of reinforcement. 
B)  It neglects to provide for measures of important concepts. 
C)  Human capacity for language and thought is underemphasized. 
D)  Important species and constitutional differences are underemphasized.

Question 16

Successive approximations provide an explanation for the development of complex behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In systematic desensitization

Accepted Answer

A)  the value of each component is known. 
B)  the value of each component is unclear. 
C)  it is clear that mainly suggestion is involved. 
D)  it is clear that operant conditioning is going on.

Question 18

Skinner's research emphasizes

Accepted Answer

A)  self-report. 
B)  the study of individual organisms. 
C)  physiological data. 
D)  the study of elicited behavior.

Question 19

The concept of schedules of reinforcement relates to

Accepted Answer

A)  the pairing of CS and US. 
B)  the pairing of CR and UR. 
C)  rates and intervals. 
D)  none of the above.

Question 20

The behavioral emphasis is on environmental determinants and situational specificity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 10: Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality

Skinnerians feel that behaviors can be imitated without being directly reinforced, but that this can only happen when

Behavioral approaches to psychopathology emphasize the importance of

Situational specificity in behavior might be due to

According to Skinner, individuals

The learning theory account for psychotherapy is that individuals are not mentally sick, but rather

Which of the following is not one of the two basic assumptions underlying the learning theory approach to psychology put forward in the text?

Pavlov's classical conditioning design allowed him to investigate many important phenomena. Which of the following is not one of these phenomena?

In Kandel's (2000) study with Aplysia, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The repeated presentation of a bell with electric shock will lead to the bell becoming

According to the text, many psychologists with a behavioral orientation are turning to an emphasis on _________ in behavior and on minimizing the importance of individual differences in personality.

A critical difference between psychoanalytic and behavioral interpretations of psychopathology is

The key aspect of a reinforcer is that it influences the probability of a response.

With regard to behavior and its determinant, the learning theory approach tends to see the main determinants of behavior as being

A distinguishing feature of behavioral assessment is an emphasis on

Which of the following is not a strong criticism of Skinner's theory?

Successive approximations provide an explanation for the development of complex behaviors.

In systematic desensitization

Skinner's research emphasizes

The concept of schedules of reinforcement relates to

The behavioral emphasis is on environmental determinants and situational specificity.