Question 1

Which view states that people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains?

Accepted Answer

A) frequency format hypothesis 
B) prospect theory 
C) means-end analysis 
D) belief bias

Question 2

Fast mapping occurs with:

Accepted Answer

A) vocabulary only. 
B) vocabulary and writing. 
C) vocabulary and arithmetic. 
D) vocabulary, writing, and arithmetic.

Question 3

The view that we learn language through principles of operant conditioning was proposed by:

Accepted Answer

A) B. F. Skinner. 
B) Noam Chomsky. 
C) Carl Wernicke. 
D) Paul Broca.

Question 4

The _____ involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event.

Accepted Answer

A) conjunction fallacy 
B) familiar resemblance theory 
C) availability heuristic 
D) representative heuristic

Question 5

According to the frequency format hypothesis, probability monitoring:

Accepted Answer

A) is an innate biological capacity. 
B) is a skill demonstrated in infants as young as 6 months of age. 
C) requires years of schooling. 
D) is done virtually effortlessly and flawlessly by most adults.

Question 6

Recent research on insight suggests that insightful solutions:

Accepted Answer

A) actually result from conscious incremental processes such as means-end analyses. 
B) really are generated instantaneously by the brain. 
C) actually are the result of incremental unconscious processes. 
D) arise most often through the use of visual imagery.

Question 7

_____ are mental shortcuts that may or may not be effective, whereas _____ are well-defined rules that guarantee a solution to a problem.

Accepted Answer

A) Conjunctions; algorithms 
B) Deductions; heuristics 
C) Conjunctions; heuristics 
D) Heuristics; algorithms

Question 8

Damage to the front part of the left temporal lobe results in difficulty identifying:

Accepted Answer

A) humans. 
B) animals. 
C) tools. 
D) plants.

Question 9

When a child says "Nobody like me," his parent typically:

Accepted Answer

A) responds more to the grammatical mistake than to the child's meaning. 
B) responds more to the child's meaning than to the grammatical mistake. 
C) responds equally to the child's meaning and to the grammatical mistake. 
D) says nothing in an attempt to extinguish incorrect syntax.

Question 10

The exemplar theory of categorization holds that:

Accepted Answer

A) items will not be considered for category membership unless they share a defining characteristic with the exemplar. 
B) categories are defined based on the average difference between a prototype and an exemplar. 
C) category judgments are made by comparing a new instance with stored memories of other instances of a category. 
D) only the best examples of a category will be included for membership in that category.

Question 11

Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A) When you construct a sentence, you start with a simple structure and develop a deep structure. 
B) When you comprehend a sentence, you process the simple structure in order to extract the deep structure. 
C) Simple structure corresponds to semantics; deep structure corresponds to syntax. 
D) The deep structure of a sentence is more easily forgotten than the simple structure of a sentence.

Question 12

Cross-cultural research on preliterate societies suggest that competency on reasoning tests depends most on

Accepted Answer

A) the participant's actual level of literacy 
B) whether the task makes sense to participants 
C) the participant's problem-solving ability 
D) whether the participant enjoys problem-solving tasks

Question 13

People's judgments about whether or not to accept conclusions often depend more on _____ than _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the logical validity of the argument; the form in which the argument is presented 
B) how believable the conclusions are; the logical validity of the argument 
C) the logical validity of the argument; how believable the conclusions are 
D) the argument form; how believable the conclusions are

Question 14

Which statement about the mechanisms underlying categorization is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Exemplar-based learning involves the prefrontal cortex. 
B) The left hemisphere of the brain is mainly active in recognizing exemplars. 
C) The visual cortex is involved in forming prototypes. 
D) Exemplar-based learning involves analysis and decision making.

Question 15

Research on color meaning with JB, who suffered progressive deteriorations in understanding the meaning of words even though he performed well on many other perceptual and cognitive tasks, demonstrated that JB was able to:

Accepted Answer

A) verbally name colors presented to him. 
B) associate the name of a color with a name of an object (e.g., a yellow banana). 
C) sort color patches into piles of red, green, and blue. 
D) match a color to the word of the color.

Question 16

Which expression is a morpheme?

Accepted Answer

A) b 
B) boy 
C) the boy 
D) the boy cried

Question 17

The average 1-year-old has a vocabulary of _____ words.

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 10 
C) 50 
D) 100

Question 18

When deciding between playing a lottery with an 80 percent chance of winning $4,000 or receiving $3,000 outright, most people choose the _____ because of the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) lottery; preference for variable rewards 
B) lottery; rational choice theory 
C) $3,000; sunk-cost fallacy 
D) $3,000; certainty effect

Question 19

Which view of language development holds that language is an innate, biological capacity that humans possess?

Accepted Answer

A) Skinnerian 
B) behaviorist 
C) nativist 
D) humanist

Question 20

Children begin using function morphemes at around age:

Accepted Answer

A) 2) 
B) 3) 
C) 4) 
D) 5)

Exam 9: Section 2: Language and Thought