Question 1

In the early 1940s, the pressing need of the _____ for more research on attention, memory, and decision making was an early impetus behind the movement away from behaviorism.

Accepted Answer

A) American Psychological Association 
B) military 
C) film industry 
D) automobile industry

Question 2

The theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors is called:

Accepted Answer

A) Gestalt theory. 
B) structuralism. 
C) functionalism. 
D) psychoanalytic theory.

Question 3

William James's school of functionalism was most influenced by the works of:

Accepted Answer

A) B. F. Skinner. 
B) Wilhelm Wundt. 
C) Charles Darwin. 
D) René Descartes.

Question 4

One of the first psychologists interested in the contributions of culture to psychology was:

Accepted Answer

A) Karl Lashley. 
B) Noam Chomsky. 
C) B. F. Skinner. 
D) Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 5

G. Stanley Hall is known for his contributions in the research areas of:

Accepted Answer

A) language and memory. 
B) sensation and perception. 
C) development and education. 
D) reinforcement and punishment.

Question 6

Kenneth Clark's research on prejudice, discrimination, and segregation was fundamental in which Supreme Court ruling?

Accepted Answer

A) Stewart v. Board of Education 
B) Brown v. Board of Education 
C) Roe v. Wade 
D) NAACP v. Board of Education

Question 7

Mariah is a teacher and believes that all her students have an inherent need to develop, grow, and reach their full potential. Mariah's beliefs are best characterized by which approach?

Accepted Answer

A) social-cultural 
B) behaviorism 
C) psychoanalysis 
D) humanistic

Question 8

Gary, a 16-year-old, is suffering from severe depression. Of these professionals, Gary should receive treatment from a:

Accepted Answer

A) counseling psychologist. 
B) clinical psychologist. 
C) school psychologist. 
D) health psychologist.

Question 9

A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different from each other, but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar to those of:

Accepted Answer

A) Gall. 
B) Descartes. 
C) Hobbes. 
D) Broca.

Question 10

The behavior studied by Ivan Pavlov can be described as _____; whereas the behavior studied by B. F. Skinner can be described as _____.

Accepted Answer

A) passive; active 
B) purposeful; controllable 
C) subjective; objective 
D) reinforced; triggered

Question 11

Karen received a PhD in psychology and now treats psychological disorders. Which type of psychologist is Karen?

Accepted Answer

A) clinical 
B) research 
C) social 
D) academic

Question 12

_____ conducted research on the developmental effects of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation on children in the 1950s. The research was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its decision in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case.

Accepted Answer

A) Francis Sumner 
B) Margaret Washburn 
C) William James 
D) Kenneth Clark

Question 13

Leslie thinks that we learn to act in certain ways because of the consequences of our behavior. Her belief is probably influenced by the findings of:

Accepted Answer

A) William James. 
B) Sigmund Freud. 
C) B. F. Skinner. 
D) Abraham Maslow.

Question 14

George Miller discovered that we can briefly hold in memory only about _____ (give or take two) pieces of information at any given time.

Accepted Answer

A) three 
B) five 
C) seven 
D) nine

Question 15

Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A) phrenology; functionalism 
B) reaction time; structuralism 
C) reaction time; functionalism 
D) phrenology; structuralism

Question 16

Jeff thinks it would be beneficial for his employees to attend a seminar on how to become more productive at work. Which type of psychologist would conduct this seminar?

Accepted Answer

A) clinical psychologist 
B) industrial/organizational psychologist 
C) school psychologist 
D) cognitive psychologist

Question 17

Liz is the CEO of a major company. Liz is fearful of how her employees are going to react to the company's downsizing and reorganization. She decides to contact a(n) _____ psychologist to help her employees.

Accepted Answer

A) industrial/organizational 
B) clinical 
C) school 
D) health

Question 18

Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report on their "raw" sensory experience, a technique known as:

Accepted Answer

A) inspection. 
B) circumspection. 
C) retrospection. 
D) introspection.

Question 19

What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioning 
B) introspection 
C) psychoanalysis 
D) hypnosis

Question 20

Frederic Bartlett's research on memory demonstrated that people tend to remember:

Accepted Answer

A) what actually happened instead of what should have happened. 
B) what should have happened instead of what actually happened. 
C) nonsense syllables with more accuracy than meaningful words. 
D) meaningful words with more accuracy than nonsense syllables.

Exam 1: Section 2: Psychology: Evolution of a Science