Question 1

Explain how changes in sociocultural factors are demonstrated with childcare outside of the home in Canada.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how changes in sociocultural factors are...

Question 2

To examine the effectiveness of empathy training on children's sharing behaviour, 2 months of training are provided to 3-year-old children living in rural Saskatchewan. Six months later, the children's sharing behaviours are measured and compared to their pre-training sharing behaviour. Improvements are considered the result of the empathy training. Which factor is a potential source of internal invalidity?

Accepted Answer

A)  All the children were from rural Saskatchewan. 
B)  Children's sharing behaviour may improve with the simple passage of time. 
C)  The observers of the sharing behaviour may disagree. 
D)  Children who were the best sharers before the training were not necessarily the best after the training.

Question 3

The possibility that the correlation between two variables may actually be the result of an additional unspecified attribute is referred to as the _____ problem.

Accepted Answer

A)  insufficient-variable 
B)  third-variable 
C)  experimental-design 
D)  direction-of-causation

Question 4

Which type of design compares the behaviour of groups of children who are of different ages?

Accepted Answer

A)  microgenetic 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  landscape 
D)  longitudinal

Question 5

Explain what effortful attention is and describe its components. What has been associated with difficulty in exerting effortful attention?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what effortful attention is and describe...

Question 6

The term reliability does NOT refer to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  consistency of measurements. 
B)  similarity in results when a variable is measured at two different time points. 
C)  ability to generalize measurements. 
D)  level of agreement in observations by different observers.

Question 7

Which description is NOT an ethical standard to which psychological researchers are expected to adhere?

Accepted Answer

A)  assisting participants to improve on the variables of interest 
B)  obtaining informed consent 
C)  counteracting negative outcomes of research 
D)  preserving participants' anonymity

Question 8

Longitudinal design would be appropriate to examine:

Accepted Answer

A)  the typical pattern of age-related changes in a particular skill. 
B)  the pattern of stability and change in individual children's development in a particular area. 
C)  how change in a particular skill occurs. 
D)  all of these.

Question 9

With which statement would stage theorists NOT agree?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviours of children at different ages differ sharply. 
B)  A child's entry into a new stage involves a gradual shift from one way of experiencing the world to a different way of experiencing it. 
C)  Children of a particular age show wide-ranging similarities across a variety of situations. 
D)  When children enter a new cognitive stage, they demonstrate their new way of thinking across a broad spectrum of tasks.

Question 10

Which example illustrates discontinuity in development?

Accepted Answer

A)  the transition from caterpillar to chrysalis to butterfly 
B)  trees growing taller each year 
C)  the blooming of flowers. 
D)  the cultivation of crops each fall

Question 11

Which factor is an example of how children shape their own development?

Accepted Answer

A)  play style 
B)  socioeconomic status 
C)  number of siblings 
D)  all of these

Question 12

Evidence for the enduring epigenetic impact of early experiences and behaviours on development comes from what type of research?

Accepted Answer

A)  research on methylation 
B)  meta-analysis 
C)  longitudinal studies 
D)  cross-sectional designs

Question 13

Which factor is NOT one identified by Scarr (1992) that can lead children from the same family to turn out very different from each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic similarities 
B)  differences in treatment by family members 
C)  different environmental conditions 
D)  differences in reactions to similar experiences

Question 14

Which philosopher offered the argument that children should be provided with maximum freedom and no formal education prior to the age of reason at approximately age 12?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rousseau 
B)  Plato 
C)  Aristotle 
D)  Locke

Question 15

To examine whether or not children's cognitive development occurs in stages, Professor Blue observes four groups of children. Each child's performance on cognitive tasks is observed two or more times over a period of 2 years. Which group is MOST likely to lead Professor Blue to conclude that development occurs continuously?

Accepted Answer

A)  group A, whose performance on a single task is observed twice each year 
B)  group B, whose performance on multiple tasks is observed twice each year 
C)  group C, whose performance on a single task is observed every week 
D)  group D, whose performance on multiple tasks is observed every week

Question 16

A class of Grade 3 children is split into two groups through random assignment. Group A is given training in a new game, and group B is not. Group A is referred to as the _____ group, and group B is referred to as the _____ group.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent; independent 
B)  independent; dependent 
C)  control; experimental 
D)  experimental; control

Question 17

Naturalistic observation would probably be the method of choice for a researcher interested in which topic?

Accepted Answer

A)  toddlers' responses to their parents' encouragement to touch a dangerous object 
B)  frequency of bullying behaviour among schoolchildren 
C)  beliefs of children in an elementary school class about how smart their classmates are 
D)  a single child's feelings about his friendships

Question 18

Which statement about the troubled homes in Patterson's study is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children responded to parents' punishment by behaving less aggressively. 
B)  Children often acted in an angry manner. 
C)  Children responded to their parents' anger with hostility. 
D)  Parents reacted to children's hostility with increased anger.

Question 19

Of the following problems, which is the GREATEST limitation of laboratory experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  poor interrater reliability 
B)  third-variable problem 
C)  inability to ensure that all participants are exposed to the same scenario 
D)  questionable external validity

Question 20

Which statement expresses a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Memory of participants for past events is often inaccurate and incomplete. 
B)  It can feel artificial to the participants. 
C)  Reports are often biased to reflect favourably on the participants. 
D)  It has a limited value for studying infrequent behaviours.

Exam 1: An Introduction to Child Development