Question 1

The process by which the developmental fate of a cell is set is called

Accepted Answer

A)  determination. 
B)  morphogenesis. 
C)  differentiation. 
D)  induction. 
E)  totipotency.

Question 2

Which of the following techniques or studies would be most useful in testing the hypothesis that "The fate of the cells in an early fish embryo is irrevocably determined"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monitoring gene expression in the cells and looking for differences in cells in different regions 
B)  Transplanting cells from one region to another 
C)  Examining structural differences among cells in different regions by means of a light microscope 
D)  Using nuclear transfer procedures 
E)  Observing whether the cells are undergoing apoptosis

Question 3

If one were to block expression of the LIN-3 gene in the early development of C. elegans, which of the following would be the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells that would normally differentiate into the optic vesicles would remain epidermis. 
B)  More cells than normal would differentiate into the optic vesicles. 
C)  More cells would become anchor cells. 
D)  Cells that would normally differentiate into vulval precursors would become epidermis. 
E)  Cells that would normally differentiate into epi­dermis would become vulval precursors.

Question 4

A homeobox

Accepted Answer

A)  is a protein sequence. 
B)  is another name for a homeodomain. 
C)  binds to DNA. 
D)  is a DNA sequence present in many transcription factors. 
E)  is not present in plants.

Question 5

The functions of the _______ and _______ genes in the determination of the anterior and posterior ends of a Drosophila embryo were elucidated by mutant analysis and direct _______ of cytoplasm from wild-type eggs.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hunchback; Bicoid; injection 
B)  Hunchback; Nanos; deletion 
C)  Bicoid; Nanos; injection 
D)  Bicoid; Nanos; deletion 
E)  None of the above

Question 6

The expression of hunchback in Drosophila is stimulated by _______ and inhibited by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nanos; bicoid 
B)  Nanos; Antennapedia 
C)  Bicoid; Antennapedia 
D)  Bicoid; nanos 
E)  Antennapedia; bicoid

Question 7

In the development of the vulva in C. elegans, a concentration _______ of _______, the primary inducer, determines cell fate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the development of the vulva in...

Question 8

What do we call a cell that is able to give rise to every cell in the adult body?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determined 
B)  Pluripotent 
C)  Totipotent 
D)  Multipotent 
E)  Morphogenic

Question 9

Mutations that knock out the function of the class B gene in flower development yield plants that are missing _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mutations that knock out the function of...

Question 10

If the protein Bcl-2 is improperly overexpressed in a developing human embryo the most likely outcome will be

Accepted Answer

A)  webbed hands and feet. 
B)  abnormal brain development due to too few cells. 
C)  abnormal brain development due to too many of the wrong cells. 
D)  sickle cell anemia. 
E)  Down syndrome.

Question 11

Cell division and _______ are the major processes that lead to growth.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cell division and _______ are the major...

Question 12

Suppose recombinant DNA technology is used to couple a promoter for a class B MADS box gene to a class A gene. The most likely mutational outcome will be a _______-of-function mutation in a class _______ gene.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose recombinant DNA technology is used to...

Question 13

Of the following techniques used in the cloning of Dolly the sheep, which one was initially used by Briggs and King in their studies with frog embryos?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transferring cells from one location to another on the embryo 
B)  Enucleating an egg 
C)  Arresting the cell cycle of the donor cells 
D)  Bisecting the embryo 
E)  None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is more important to morphogenesis in plants than in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell division 
B)  Cell movements 
C)  Apoptosis 
D)  Cell expansion 
E)  Differential gene expression

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct ranking of stem cells with respect to the number of cell types into which they can differentiate (from greatest to least)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multipotent > pluripotent > totipotent 
B)  Pluripotent > totipotent > multipotent 
C)  Pluripotent > multipotent > totipotent 
D)  Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent 
E)  Totipotent > multipotent > pluripotent

Question 16

Hox genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode protein domains that are important in development and that have been highly conserved over evolutionary time. 
B)  are found in diverse organisms. 
C)  can produce the wrong structure in the wrong place when mutated. 
D)  help determine cell fate within each segment of a developing Drosophila embryo. 
E)  All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the MADS box genes in Arabidopsis thaliana is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They stimulate production of the leafy gene. 
B)  They code for subunits of transcription factors. 
C)  Gene regulation is combinatorial. 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  Both b and c

Question 18

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They contain homeoboxes. 
B)  They were derived from duplications of a single ancestral gene. 
C)  They encode transcription factors. 
D)  They are found only in Drosophila and a few closely related genera of flies. 
E)  All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 19

Apoptosis

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs during embryonic development of invertebrates, but not vertebrates. 
B)  prompts cell differentiation. 
C)  is controlled by similar genes in humans and nematodes. 
D)  does not occur during morphogenesis. 
E)  involves caspase enzymes in the nematode C. elegans.

Question 20

A structure that enables an embryo to feed directly from its mother is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  zygote. 
B)  seed. 
C)  stem cell. 
D)  placenta. 
E)  morphogen.

Exam 19: Differential Gene Expression in Development