Question 1

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

Accepted Answer

A)  a reference group. 
B)  a clique. 
C)  a youth culture. 
D)  a fraternity.

Question 2

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

Accepted Answer

A)  the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced. 
B)  the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased. 
C)  there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative. 
D)  some problem behaviors increased and others decreased.

Question 3

According to research from Due and colleagues, which country is likely to have a relatively low prevalence of bullying?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sweden 
B)  Russia 
C)  United States 
D)  Germany

Question 4

The head of the local high school PTA has asked you about the different types of crowds the students may cluster into. She also wants to know whether (and why) rejected/unpopular adolescents are at risk for behavioral and emotional problems. Finally, she wants to know if anything can be done to help unpopular adolescents. What would you tell her?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The head of the local high school...

Question 5

Hostile attributional bias:

Accepted Answer

A)  plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. 
B)  plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. 
C)  helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. 
D)  is the only factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.

Question 6

Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:

Accepted Answer

A)  more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques. 
B)  girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. 
C)  boys are more likely than girls to be considered "isolates." 
D)  adolescents' positions in their schools' social network are relatively stable over time.

Question 7

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. 
B)  a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. 
C)  an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. 
D)  a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Question 8

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  a crowd. 
B)  a clique. 
C)  a reference group. 
D)  a youth culture.

Question 9

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reactive formation; reactive aggression 
B)  Machiavellian aggression; instrumental aggression 
C)  instrumental aggression; reactive aggression 
D)  relational aggression; instrumental aggression

Question 10

Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.

Accepted Answer

A)  relational aggression 
B)  hostile attributional bias 
C)  aggressive-withdrawal 
D)  bullying

Question 11

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:

Accepted Answer

A)  aggressive. 
B)  withdrawn. 
C)  aggressive-withdrawn. 
D)  offensive-reclusive.

Question 12

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

Accepted Answer

A)  physical attractiveness. 
B)  academic achievement. 
C)  being good at sports. 
D)  social competence.

Question 13

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

Accepted Answer

A)  childhood. 
B)  preadolescence. 
C)  middle adolescence. 
D)  late adolescence.

Question 14

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  an ethnographic approach. 
C)  a demographic approach. 
D)  participant observation.

Question 15

Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

Accepted Answer

A)  his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. 
B)  institutions valued by adults, but not involved in his peer culture. 
C)  his peer culture, but not involved in institutions valued by adults. 
D)  neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults.

Question 16

Describe the ways that adolescents are bullied by peers (be sure to include the prevalence for each type). What are the consequences of experiencing victimization by peers? Are the consequences different for online bullying versus in person bullying? How do adolescents typically respond to bullying? What is the best way to get a bully to stop?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the ways that adolescents are bullied...

Question 17

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

Accepted Answer

A)  Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school 
B)  Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates 
C)  Candice, who is involved in athletics 
D)  Deborah, who is home-schooled

Question 18

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

Accepted Answer

A)  peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. 
B)  peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. 
C)  shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. 
D)  shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.

Question 19

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?

Accepted Answer

A)  their structure becomes less hierarchical 
B)  their structure becomes more permeable 
C)  their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd") 
D)  their structure becomes more differentiated

Question 20

A(n) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(n) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

Accepted Answer

A)  liaison; isolate 
B)  hopper; loner 
C)  isolate; liaison 
D)  isolate; mixer

Exam 5: Peer Groups