Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) Are Effector Cells That Generally Reside $\alpha$

Multiple Choice

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are effector cells that generally reside in barrier tissues, such as the skin, the gut, and the lung. These cells closely resemble subsets of T lymphocytes, but lack a T cell antigen-receptor. Instead, these cells produce their effector molecules following stimulation by:

A) Microbial PAMPs that stimulate pattern recognition receptors on ILCs
B) TNF- $\alpha$ , which is produced during the inflammatory response
C) Acute phase response proteins produced in the liver during an infection
D) Cytokines made by other innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells
E) Antimicrobial peptides made by epithelial cells in response to infection