Question 1

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. 
B)  Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. 
C)  Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. 
D)  Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. 
E)  Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat. Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs.

Question 2

A ball-and-socket joint connects the

Accepted Answer

A)  radius to the ulna. 
B)  radius to the humerus. 
C)  ulna to the humerus. 
D)  humerus to the scapula. 
E)  radius to the scapula.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B)  They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C)  They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
D)  They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Question 4

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will

Accepted Answer

A)  immediately relax. 
B)  release all actin-myosin bonds. 
C)  enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate. 
D)  fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor." 
E)  sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 5

Figure 39.1
-The structure pictured in Figure 39.1 is found in

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscles and smooth muscles only. 
B)  cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles only. 
C)  smooth muscles and cardiac muscles only. 
D)  smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles. 
E)  smooth muscles only.

Question 6

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

Accepted Answer

A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles. 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in males. 
C)  administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles. 
D)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles. 
E)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels.

Question 7

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by

Accepted Answer

A)  vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. 
B)  performing a round dance. 
C)  performing a waggle dance. 
D)  visual cues.

Question 8

In which form of locomotion is friction the greatest impediment to moving?

Accepted Answer

A)  running 
B)  hopping 
C)  swimming 
D)  flying

Question 9

Figure 39.4
The behavior of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual, so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays. 
B)  Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days. 
C)  By courting at the full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to the times of the highest tides that disperse their larvae to safer, deeper waters. 
D)  The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism bloom on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their lives. 
E)  It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity.

Question 10

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Accepted Answer

A)  polygamous. 
B)  monogamous. 
C)  polyandrous. 
D)  promiscuous.

Question 11

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium channels. 
B)  myosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  tropomyosin. 
E)  troponin.

Question 12

A skeletal muscle with abnormally low levels of calcium ions would be impaired in

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP hydrolysis. 
B)  the initiation of an action potential. 
C)  maintaining its resting membrane potential. 
D)  initiating contraction. 
E)  its ability to sustain glycolysis.

Question 13

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. 
B)  A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. 
C)  A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 
D)  A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. 
E)  A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the certainty of paternity is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Young or eggs laid by a female are likely to contain the same genes as another female's eggs in a population of birds. 
B)  The certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time. 
C)  Males that guard females they have mated with are certain of their paternity. 
D)  The certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization. 
E)  Paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection.

Question 15

Figure 39.3
In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a

Accepted Answer

A)  pheromone. 
B)  sign stimulus. 
C)  fixed action pattern. 
D)  hormone.

Question 16

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
B)  myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
C)  actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter. 
D)  actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state. 
E)  myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and transitioning from a high-energy to a low-energy state.

Question 17

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  migration 
C)  imprinting 
D)  associative learning

Question 18

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have

Accepted Answer

A)  a higher concentration of myoglobin. 
B)  a higher density of mitochondria. 
C)  a darker visual appearance. 
D)  a smaller diameter. 
E)  less resistance to fatigue.

Question 19

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  calmodulin.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior