Question 1

According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of snakes?

Accepted Answer

A)   because of daily life-threatening experiences
B)   because of unconscious memories of childhood experiences with spiders
C)   because they have learned by watching others react with fear to spiders
D)   because a fear of snakes helped our ancient ancestors survive D

Question 2

A _____ is an explanation of facts and observations, or a set of concepts and ideas that organize the confusing mass of sensations that each of us encounters at every moment.

Accepted Answer

theory

Question 3

Sociocultural theory states that human development results from the dynamic interaction between a person's genes and his or her unconscious drives.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

In operant conditioning, an individual follows a modeled behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Theories undermine the development of hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Erikson's stages emphasized _____, not sexual urges.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erikson's stages emphasized _____, not sexual urges....

Question 7

Vygotsky developed the concept of "_____," which is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vygotsky developed the concept of "_____," which...

Question 8

Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   throughout life, because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior
B)   throughout life, only if some of the conflicts are successfully resolved
C)   only in childhood, with new conflicts emerging later that shape adult identity
D)   at a particular stage of development, also called a sensitive period

Question 9

_____ is a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is a theory that stresses the...

Question 10

_____ was developed to study observable behavior objectively and scientifically.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ was developed to study observable behavior...

Question 11

Mrs. Saxena is working with her toddler daughter, Arianna, on potty training. Each time Arianna uses the toilet, Mrs. Saxena lets her pick a small prize out of a treasure chest. Mrs. Saxena's strategy is consistent with the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mrs. Saxena is working with her toddler...

Question 12

_____ was the most influential North American proponent of behaviorism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ was the most influential North American...

Question 13

Erikson's first _____ stages are closely related to Freud's stages.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erikson's first _____ stages are closely related...

Question 14

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, he or she is exhibiting _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning
B)   observational learning
C)   operant conditioning
D)   modeling

Question 15

An explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena is called a "_____."

Accepted Answer

A)   hypothesis
B)   theory
C)   conclusion
D)   development

Question 16

Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise without the presence of food provide an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning
B)   observational learning
C)   operant conditioning
D)   reinforcement

Question 17

A _____ is an average or usual event or experience.

Accepted Answer

A)   norm
B)   theory
C)   hypothesis
D)   median

Question 18

_____ theories have brought an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development.

Accepted Answer

A)   Psychoanalytic
B)   Cognitive
C)   Sociocultural
D)   Eclectic

Question 19

Dominique, age 14, dislikes school. Her parents were recently informed that Dominique has missed 12 days of school this quarter and has left school early on at least four occasions. Dominique's father has decided to drop his daughter off every morning and pick her up every afternoon to make sure she is attending school. Dominique is now attending school, but she has gotten into serious trouble on multiple occasions, leading to a five-day out-of-school suspension. Since Dominique dislikes school and prefers to skip rather than attend, the out-of-school suspension represents a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcement
B)   punishment
C)   conditioner
D)   norm

Question 20

Unlike Freud, Erikson _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   only described development in childhood
B)   believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts
C)   emphasized family and culture in his stages
D)   leaned toward the behaviorist perspective

Exam 2: Theories of Development