Question 1

Explain how labeling theory is classified according to the categories used in each chapter of this text.

Accepted Answer

[key points to be made]
*Predominantly Processual - how labeling takes place
*Classical: more emphasis on system and its reactions and due process issues
*Some structural aspects as it admits poor, minorities more likely to be labeled
*More conflict in its orientation than consensus
*Microtheory - the processing and reacting to individuals is the focus

Question 2

Labeling theory can be best classified as:

Accepted Answer

A)   Classical, process and conflict oriented
B)   Classical, structural and consensus oriented
C)   Positivist, process and consensus oriented
D)   None of the above A

Question 3

Labeling researchers focus on "extra legal" variables to explain differences in arrest and prosecution rates as well as sentencing disparity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

In order to avoid the negative effects that labeling and institutionalization had on youth, Director Jerome Miller, closed all the juvenile institutions in his state which was: ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to avoid the negative effects...

Question 5

For criminals, an offense can permanently alter one's identity, and the idea that they now become known solely for that one past act is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   Retributive imaging
B)   Responsive shaming
C)   Primary persona
D)   Master status

Question 6

The text argues that diversion did not reduce the use of labeling and in fact, it increased the number of children brought into the system, an effect we refer to as _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text argues that diversion did not...

Question 7

To refer to deviants, Howard Becker used the term, ________ also the title of his book

Accepted Answer

The answer of To refer to deviants, Howard Becker used...

Question 8

The concept of master status implies that certain people have a right to dominate others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

According to Edwin Lemert, how does labeling cause deviance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Edwin Lemert, how does labeling...

Question 10

According to Schur, the three audiences of societal reaction include each of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   Social-control-agency
B)   Significant-other
C)   Society-at-large
D)   Enemy-subculture

Question 11

Labeling theory, as opposed to most other criminological theories, asks:

Accepted Answer

A)   Why was the person designated as deviant?
B)   What caused the person to act in a deviant manner?
C)   Why do people obey the laws of society?
D)   How did this particular act, and not another, take place?

Question 12

According to labeling theory, those who engage in criminal behavior are not synonymous with those who are labeled criminal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Labeling theory is an offshoot of:

Accepted Answer

A)   Subculture theory.
B)   Differential opportunity theory.
C)   Anomie theory.
D)   Symbolic interactionism.

Question 14

To reconstruct the identity of someone as deviant based on new views of their prior behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   Secondary deviance.
B)   Retrospective interpretation.
C)   Stigma deactivation.
D)   Deviance in remission.

Question 15

Instead of the term "label", Frank Tannenbaum referred to a ________ in his 1938 book Crime and the Community.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Instead of the term "label", Frank Tannenbaum...

Question 16

Explain what is meant by the "dramatization of evil" and how it relates to labeling.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what is meant by the "dramatization...

Question 17

According to Goffman, a courtesy stigma was when a youth was labeled deviant just because he was polite and well-mannered

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Edwin Schur argued that _________ crimes should not be part of the criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Edwin Schur argued that _________ crimes should...

Question 19

Why does labeling seem different from other crime theories?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does labeling seem different from other...

Question 20

According to the Schwartz and Skolnick study:

Accepted Answer

A)   Women in non-traditional jobs are more likely to be negatively labeled.
B)   Any contact with the criminal justice system seems to impact future jobs.
C)   Juveniles whose folders were thicker were regarded as more dangerous.
D)   Politicians voted on legislation based on the title not the content of laws.

Exam 8: Labeling Theory

Explain how labeling theory is classified according to the categories used in each chapter of this text.

Labeling theory can be best classified as:

Labeling researchers focus on "extra legal" variables to explain differences in arrest and prosecution rates as well as sentencing disparity.

In order to avoid the negative effects that labeling and institutionalization had on youth, Director Jerome Miller, closed all the juvenile institutions in his state which was: ______________.

For criminals, an offense can permanently alter one's identity, and the idea that they now become known solely for that one past act is called:

The text argues that diversion did not reduce the use of labeling and in fact, it increased the number of children brought into the system, an effect we refer to as _______________.

To refer to deviants, Howard Becker used the term, ________ also the title of his book

The concept of master status implies that certain people have a right to dominate others.

According to Edwin Lemert, how does labeling cause deviance?

According to Schur, the three audiences of societal reaction include each of the following EXCEPT:

Labeling theory, as opposed to most other criminological theories, asks:

According to labeling theory, those who engage in criminal behavior are not synonymous with those who are labeled criminal.

Labeling theory is an offshoot of:

To reconstruct the identity of someone as deviant based on new views of their prior behavior is called:

Instead of the term "label", Frank Tannenbaum referred to a ________ in his 1938 book Crime and the Community.

Explain what is meant by the "dramatization of evil" and how it relates to labeling.

According to Goffman, a courtesy stigma was when a youth was labeled deviant just because he was polite and well-mannered

Edwin Schur argued that _________ crimes should not be part of the criminal justice system.

Why does labeling seem different from other crime theories?

According to the Schwartz and Skolnick study: