Question 1

In each of the three situations below, information enters a student's memory system. For each situation, use the dual-store model of memory to: 1) identify the last component of memory in which the event has been stored, and 2) explain how you arrived at your conclusion.
a. Thursday night, Jennifer studies for a test on Friday morning. She remembers the material quite accurately on Tuesday and gets an A on the test. When she takes a review test two months later, however, she can no longer remember that same material.
b. Justin is trying to learn information in his textbook. His eyes are focused on the words in front of him, but he is thinking about the fishing trip he has planned for the weekend.
c. After her French teacher says, "Merci beaucoup," Josephine repeats the phrase, then she immediately turns to talk to her friend.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In each of the three situations below,...

Question 2

The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a situation that tend to draw one's attention. Describe five of these characteristics. For each one, give an example to illustrate its effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The textbook identifies eight characteristics of a...

Question 3

Learning theorists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process? From the perspective of the dual-store model of memory, why is attention so important?

Accepted Answer

A)  It gets information into the sensory register. 
B)  It moves information from working memory into long-term memory. 
C)  It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory. 
D)  It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

Question 4

Marnie attends very closely to the English teacher's lecture because she knows she must pass her English course in order to graduate. Marnie's attentiveness demonstrates the effect of _______ on attention.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus intensity 
B)  personal significance 
C)  emotion 
D)  incongruity

Question 5

Each of the following teachers is reviewing materials their students will need to know for the upcoming final exam. Three of the following teachers are reviewing in a way that is sensitive to their students cognitive load capacity? Which teacher is not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Andrews puts all of the information students will need to know for the exam on the board and instructs the students to copy it into notes. 
B)  Mr. Brown presents the information separated into sections. He completes one section before moving on to the next. 
C)  Mr. Carey presents the information slowly and includes many examples and illustrations. 
D)  Mr. Daniels stops and repeats difficult concepts and often re-words confusing information.

Question 6

Describe what psychologists mean when they say that attention and working memory have a limited capacity. Discuss at least two implications of this limited capacity for learning in the classroom.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what psychologists mean when they say...

Question 7

Considering current views regarding the capacity of working memory, which one of the following sets of information could be held entirely in working memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The names of 20 friends 
B)  The visual images of 20 friends 
C)  Two pages of narrative from a mystery novel 
D)  A list of five miscellaneous household objects

Question 8

John learned the capitals of all 50 US states when he was a child. As an adult, he can no longer recall or recognize any of the 50 state capitals. However, he relearned the capitals faster than Jenny who did not learn the state capitals as a child. John's relearning suggests that the information regarding the state capitals remained in his ________________ from the time he first learned them as a child.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory register 
B)  working memory 
C)  long-term memory 
D)  sensory register and working memory

Question 9

Eunice has had trouble remembering the formula for calculating the area of a circle, so she is saying it to herself over and over again as her teacher passes out a geometry test. Eunice is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

A)  Storage in the sensory register 
B)  Retrieval from working memory 
C)  The use of maintenance rehearsal 
D)  The use of chunking

Question 10

If you know how to wrap a present, you can probably describe the process to someone else. But if you know how to skip rope, you may have difficulty explaining what you do to someone else. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

Accepted Answer

A)  explicit vs. implicit memory 
B)  declarative vs. procedural knowledge 
C)  things learned through deep vs. shallow processing 
D)  things learned through the visuospatial sketchpad vs. through the phonological loop

Question 11

When a stray dog wanders into a classroom, all of the students stop their seatwork and watch the teacher try to coax the dog from the room. The students' attentiveness demonstrates the effect of _______ on attention.

Accepted Answer

A)  novelty 
B)  proximity 
C)  size 
D)  personal significance

Question 12

Mr. Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of evolution. Ellen is sitting in the front row, but her mind is on the fight she had with her best friend just before class. Based on this information, how far in Ellen's memory system did Mr. Wagner's lecture get?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reached the sensory register. 
B)  It reached working memory. 
C)  It reached long-term memory. 
D)  It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 13

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

Accepted Answer

A)  Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is occasionally retrieved. 
B)  Meaningless information fades quickly, but meaningful information may remain for hours. 
C)  Most visual information lasts less than a second, with auditory information lasting slightly longer. 
D)  Information remains for about ten seconds regardless of its nature.

Question 14

When memory theorists talk about control processes, they are talking about:

Accepted Answer

A)  Observable behaviors 
B)  How the environment structures people's opportunities to learn new things 
C)  The methods that teachers use to facilitate a learner's memory for information 
D)  Cognitive processes that affect storage and retrieval of information 
E) g., walking to a new location) that affect what information in the environment is encountered

Question 15

Which one of the following kinds of knowledge is least likely to be dependent on active, conscious processing to be learned? Base your choice on research findings presented in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowing that Los Angeles is approximately 3,000 miles from New York. 
B)  Knowing how to start a fire using crumpled newspaper and small twigs. 
C)  Knowing that football, lighthouse, and airport are all compound words. 
D)  Knowing that the word cat appears in speech more often than feline.

Question 16

Distinguish among the sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory in terms of the following:
a. Capacity
b. Duration
c. The forms) in which information tends to be stored
Describe relevant research to support your statements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Distinguish among the sensory register, working memory,...

Question 17

Look at this word: KITE
Without turning the page, try to imagine how the word would look if it were rotated 180º. To perform this task successfully, you would need to make considerable use of that part of your working memory known as the:

Accepted Answer

A)  visuospatial sketchpad 
B)  reticular formation 
C)  phonological loop 
D)  sensory register

Question 18

Which of the following children best illustrate the use of effortful control.

Accepted Answer

A)  John loves dogs and can read books about dogs for hours. 
B)  Kate does not like to read and when her mother asks her to read, she watches her favorite TV show instead. 
C)  Beth does not like to read, but knows it is important, so she solely attends to reading for twenty minutes a day. 
D)  Natalie loves to read about dogs, but when she is assigned reading about cats, she takes her dog for a walk instead of completing the reading assignment.

Question 19

Three of the following teachers are practicing principles from contemporary memory theory. Which teacher is not?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mr. Adamson tells his students that, with practice, they will be able to do complicated long division problems in their heads. 
B)  Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should not try to remember every detail in their 100-page reading assignment, but instead should focus on main ideas. 
C)  Mr. Canton makes sure that students are paying attention before he begins an explanation of photosynthesis. 
D)  Ms. Darwin talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the fights students sometimes have on the playground.

Question 20

Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory register component of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  You can remember a melody for several hours even though you don't remember the lyrics. 
B)  You can remember something you heard for a second or two even though you weren't initially paying attention to it. 
C)  You can remember the name of a person just long enough to introduce her to someone else. 
D)  You can remember the concept of reinforcement because you are able to relate it to your own experiences.

Exam 7: Basic Components of Memory