Question 1

_____ continues to be the leading cause of preventable death and disease in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) Alcoholism 
B) Fetal alcohol syndrome 
C) Tobacco use 
D) Heroin use

Question 2

Caffeine affects dopaminergic pathways primarily in the _____ cortex.

Accepted Answer

A) frontal 
B) parietal 
C) temporal 
D) occipital

Question 3

The mildly positive reinforcing effect of caffeine appears to be ultimately due to effects on the neurotransmitter:

Accepted Answer

A) acetylcholine. 
B) dopamine. 
C) norepinephrine. 
D) GABA.

Question 4

Vaccine therapy for nicotine addiction involves:

Accepted Answer

A) antagonistic effects to nicotine. 
B) antagonistic effects to acetylcholine receptors 
C) agonistic effects to acetylcholine receptors 
D) reducing withdrawal effects.

Question 5

Adenosine levels ______ during the day promoting _____.

Accepted Answer

A) decrease; sleep 
B) decrease; wakefulness 
C) increase; sleep 
D) increase; wakefulness

Question 6

Moderate consumption of caffeine can:

Accepted Answer

A) substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease. 
B) increase inflammation. 
C) increase the risk of stroke. 
D) protect against heart failure.

Question 7

Caffeine,nicotine,and _____ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in our society.

Accepted Answer

A) amphetamines 
B) marijuana 
C) alcohol 
D) cocaine

Question 8

The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______.

Accepted Answer

A) nicotine; nicotine 
B) tar; nicotine 
C) carbon monoxide; tar 
D) nicotine; tar

Question 9

Cigarette smokers are known to experience atherosclerosis in all of the following areas EXCEPT the:

Accepted Answer

A) legs. 
B) arms. 
C) abdomen. 
D) neck.

Question 10

Tobacco use in the United States:

Accepted Answer

A) has increased since the 1950s. 
B) remains at 50 percent. 
C) is highest among those who are well educated. 
D) is common in people with substance abuse and mental health issues.

Question 11

The drug that is no longer under development to aid in smoking cessation is:

Accepted Answer

A) nicotine. 
B) buproprion. 
C) varenicline. 
D) dianicline.

Question 12

Menthol cigarettes are known to _____ acetylcholine receptors to a _____ extent than nonmenthol cigarettes.

Accepted Answer

A) upregulate; lesser 
B) upregulate; greater 
C) downregulate; lesser 
D) downregulate; greater

Question 13

Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes.

Accepted Answer

A) decreases; decreases 
B) decreases; increases 
C) increases; decreases 
D) increases; increases

Question 14

Certain antidepressants such as fluvoxamine _______ the metabolism of caffeine and ______ caffeine tolerance.

Accepted Answer

A) accelerate; increase 
B) accelerate; decrease 
C) inhibit; increase 
D) inhibit; decrease

Question 15

The amount of caffeine found in hot chocolate is:

Accepted Answer

A) significantly less than soda. 
B) significantly more than soda. 
C) similar to soda. 
D) similar to coffee.

Question 16

Among partial nicotine receptor agonists,evidence suggests that smokers using _______ increase their chances of quitting by two to three times in comparison to those who try to quit with no other assistance.

Accepted Answer

A) bupropion (Wellbutrin) 
B) dianicline 
C) cytisine 
D) varenicline (Chantix)

Question 17

Research has shown that caffeine reduces the risk of all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) cancer. 
B) cardiovascular disease. 
C) multiple sclerosis. 
D) urinary tract disease.

Question 18

All of the following are metabolites of caffeine EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) theobromine. 
B) paraxanthine. 
C) theophylline. 
D) parabromine.

Question 19

Compared to e-cigarettes,the use of vape-pens typically results in _____ nicotine blood levels and _____ carcinogens.

Accepted Answer

A) decreased; decreased 
B) decreased; increased 
C) increased; decreased 
D) increased; increased

Question 20

The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptors.

Accepted Answer

A) stimulation of GABAA 
B) blockade of GABAA 
C) stimulation of adenosine 
D) blockade of adenosine

Exam 6: Introduction to Epigenetics