Question 1

Which of the following reasons was NOT suggested by the text to potentially account for the finding that people who were aggressive or psychotic were far more likely to be identified among the poor than the middle class?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dysfunctional people gravitate to the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.
B)  Being poor produces higher levels of stress,and therefore higher rates of psychological dysfunction are to be expected.
C)  More acceptable diagnoses are reserved for people from the upper classes.
D)  Poorer people typically have genetic predispositions toward mental illnesses.
E)  The resentment at being poor may generate behaviours that are seen by others as antisocial or dysfunctional. D

Question 2

Clark and Beck (2010)have modified Aaron Beck's cognitive formulation of depression and anxiety to include neurobiological correlates of cognitive therapy (CT): as CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes,imaging studies show that these changes are accompanied by

Accepted Answer

A)  reduced activation of subcortical regions and increased activation of cortical regions involved in cognitive control of emotion and reflective processes.
B)  reduced activation of cortical regions involved in excessive thinking,with increased activation in subcortical regions involved in the relaxation response.
C)  increased activation in interactive cortical and subcortical regions where emotional processing takes place.
D)  reduced activity in the left parietal lobe which has been associated with hyper- focusing and the anxio-depressogenic response complex.
E)  increased activity in the left parietal lobe,which has been associated with adaptive judgment and appropriate emotional responses. A

Question 3

According to the text,scientific theories,such as those of abnormal psychology,are judged to be valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  they make predictions about aspects of the phenomena that had not previously been made.
B)  they make it possible to specify the evidence necessary to deny the theory.
C)  they are parsimonious.
D)  they integrate most of what is presently known about the phenomena.
E)  they describe the enduring truth about an issue. E

Question 4

According to Freud,is the most fundamental of the defence mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  repression
B)  denial
C)  projection
D)  reaction formation
E)  sublimation

Question 5

A theory of abnormal behaviour

Accepted Answer

A)  should only consider biological factors.
B)  should be abandoned when shown to be incorrect,regardless of whether there is a better one available.
C)  should not be considered useful if it has been shown to be incorrect,even if it generates further research.
D)  should be judged solely on how well it matches current information.
E)  should be abandoned only when there is a better one available.

Question 6

Watson's behaviourism was based on

Accepted Answer

A)  Freud's ideas concerning the development of the ego.
B)  the ideas of Freud's followers such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler.
C)  classical conditioning.
D)  operant conditioning.
E)  social learning theory.

Question 7

Patients suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)are described as autonomic restrictors because they consistently show less responsivity on ANS measures of arousal (such as heart rate and blood pressure).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

An integrative approach to the case study of Hailey at the start of the Chapter

Accepted Answer

A)  would focus on how maternal postpartum depression factors combine with peer social stressors in triggering depression.
B)  would focus on how genetic factors interact with atypical synthesis of neurotransmitters to produce depression.
C)  would infer biological,psychological and social factors from Hailey's developmental history and describe how these factors have interacted over time to produce depression.
D)  would infer multiple biological and social factors from Hailey's history and then describe how these factors have dynamically and reciprocally interacted over time.
E)  would look at Hailey's history of thoughts,feelings and behaviors and integrate these in an account of how and when her depression emerged.

Question 9

Describe the biopsychosocial model - briefly contrasting it with the diathesis-stress model if you can.More importantly,what are the factors in the biopsychosocial model that interact to determine human behavior? What does it mean to say that they are dynamically and reciprocally interacting? Illustrate this with an example of a process that beings in infancy but where disorder is not apparent until adolescence or later.Use the example of Hailey at the beginning of the Chapter if you wish.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the biopsychosocial model - briefly contrasting...

Question 10

Single-factor explanations

Accepted Answer

A)  tend to identify risk factors rather than specific causes of dysfunctional behaviour.
B)  posit one factor which is said to cause a particular psychological disorder.
C)  are generally preferred over other explanations because of its simplicity.
D)  often reflect a high level of current comprehensive knowledge of disorders.
E)  view behaviour as the product of the interaction of several factors.

Question 11

Which of the following has been shown to be involved in fear and anxiety reactions,and thus perhaps in phobias or other anxiety disorders?

Accepted Answer

A)  the parasympathetic nervous system
B)  the sympathetic nervous system
C)  the gonads
D)  the somatic nervous system
E)  the thalamus

Question 12

The two-factor theory explains the persistence of phobias in a way that simple classical conditioning cannot,by adding a-------------------component to the process.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement
B)  positive reinforcement
C)  vicarious reinforcement
D)  negative punishment
E)  positive punishment

Question 13

According to Bandura,self-efficacy concerns the set of beliefs people have about their capabilities to exercise control over events that affect their lives.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that carry the messages from one neuron to the next.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Briefly describe 4 ways in which abnormal behaviour can result from disturbances in neurotransmitter systems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly describe 4 ways in which abnormal...

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the Rosenhan study in which normal people were admitted to psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices?

Accepted Answer

A)  The on-duty psychiatrists later admitted that they were wrong with their initial diagnoses.
B)  Once in the hospital,the pseudo-patients' normal behaviour was recognized as normal by the staff.
C)  Once in the hospital,some of the pseudo-patients did in fact start to show symptoms that confirmed their diagnoses.
D)  Each was diagnosed as suffering from a different disorder.
E)  The staff rarely responded to legitimate questions by the pseudo-patients.

Question 17

The Canadian physician Hans Selye established the area of study now known as

Accepted Answer

A)  biofeedback.
B)  stress physiology.
C)  comparative psychology.
D)  neuropsychology.
E)  behavioural genetics.

Question 18

The hypothalamus

Accepted Answer

A)  secretes "releasing" hormones that activate the pituitary gland.
B)  is activated by hormones released by the pituitary gland.
C)  is often called the "master gland".
D)  directly releases prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone into the body.
E)  releases sex hormones in response to signals from the pituitary gland.

Question 19

The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is

Accepted Answer

A)  biological processes have psychological and social correlates and vice versa: these are different and equally important levels of analysis for understanding human behavior.
B)  biological processes affect people at the psychological and social levels of analysis and so it's important to intervene at the most fundamental level.
C)  the brain and the peripheral nervous system,but not the endocrine system,gives rise to all healthy and unhealthy psycho-social processes.
D)  we must seek to identify the psychological processes that give rise to healthy and unhealthy brain states.
E)  we must seek to identify the psycho-social processes that give rise to healthy vs.unhealthy brain states.

Question 20

In the diathesis-stress perspective the diathesis refers to a predisposition to develop a disorder.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour

Which of the following reasons was NOT suggested by the text to potentially account for the finding that people who were aggressive or psychotic were far more likely to be identified among the poor than the middle class?

Clark and Beck (2010) have modified Aaron Beck's cognitive formulation of depression and anxiety to include neurobiological correlates of cognitive therapy (CT) : as CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes,imaging studies show that these changes are accompanied by

According to the text,scientific theories,such as those of abnormal psychology,are judged to be valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

According to Freud,is the most fundamental of the defence mechanisms.

A theory of abnormal behaviour

Watson's behaviourism was based on

Patients suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)are described as autonomic restrictors because they consistently show less responsivity on ANS measures of arousal (such as heart rate and blood pressure).

An integrative approach to the case study of Hailey at the start of the Chapter

Single-factor explanations

Which of the following has been shown to be involved in fear and anxiety reactions,and thus perhaps in phobias or other anxiety disorders?

The two-factor theory explains the persistence of phobias in a way that simple classical conditioning cannot,by adding a-------------------component to the process.

According to Bandura,self-efficacy concerns the set of beliefs people have about their capabilities to exercise control over events that affect their lives.

Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that carry the messages from one neuron to the next.

Briefly describe 4 ways in which abnormal behaviour can result from disturbances in neurotransmitter systems.

Which of the following is true of the Rosenhan study in which normal people were admitted to psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices?

The Canadian physician Hans Selye established the area of study now known as

The hypothalamus

The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is

In the diathesis-stress perspective the diathesis refers to a predisposition to develop a disorder.