Question 1

Define Starratt's Ethic of Critique which is part of his Multidimensional Ethic theory. How does this theory support the ideas of critical theory?

Accepted Answer

The Ethic of Critique promotes dialog about questions of power, decision making, relationship-building; essentially asking questions about why we do what we do and how we do it in the administration of the organization. Critical Theory suggests that as part of this critique in developing a socially-just environment of caring and acceptance is examining our understanding and application of adult education and learning.

Question 2

What is self-efficacy and how is it different from self-concept. Then illustrate how principals can apply the concept of self-efficacy.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy is the extent to which an individual believers he/she can accomplish a task. Example application: A principal should analyze teachers' self-efficacy in completing a specific task prior to assigning them to a project and/or provide them with sufficient training to assist in improving their confidence levels.

Question 3

Using Porter's revised model of Maslow's hierarch of needs, list them in correct order from higher order to lower order needs: self-esteem; affiliation; autonomy; self-actualization; security. Then in a few sentences, describe how one should interpret this theory in terms of motivation of employees.

Accepted Answer

The correct order is: self-actualization; autonomy; self-esteem; affiliation; security. Individuals whose lower-order needs are met find it difficult to respond to higher-order needs. Although the higher-order needs are never fully met, leaders should focus their efforts on establishing an organizational culture that promotes higher-order needs satisfaction.

Question 4

Using Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, select all of the following a leader might do to insure that the employees are successful in change efforts.

Accepted Answer

A)   Provide feedback to employees on whether or not they are successfully implementing change.
B)   Set standards against which employees can judge their own effectiveness.
C)   Provide training that gives employees practice at implementation.
D)   Have employees observe others implement similar change.
E)   Allow employees to make changes in implementation that they believe are necessary.

Question 5

Which of the following did the Hawthorne Experiments find to be true? Select all that are correct.

Accepted Answer

A)   If you pay attention to people and change their working conditions, their motivation will improve, thereby increasing productivity.
B)   Output went back to previous levels when working conditions returned to previous circumstances.
C)   Output rose because people were allowed to participate in decision making related to their working conditions.
D)   Output rose because the workers were offered financial incentives.
E)   Output rose because the workers were given specific training related to their responsibilities.

Question 6

You are to assume the role of the leader in an organization. State the organization type in which you work and your position. Your task is to develop a plan to use concepts of motivation discussed in this chapter to insure that the staff is highly motivated to achieve the organization vision and mission. In your response indicate what theories you will use and the theorists who developed the theories. Specifically describe what organizational structures and activities you suggest to insure a highly motivated staff and tell how these structures and activities motivate individuals and/or groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are to assume the role of...

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest?

Accepted Answer

A)   Security and safety; social affiliation; autonomy; self-esteem; self-actualization.
B)   Social affiliation; security and safety; self-esteem; autonomy; self-actualization.
C)   Security and safety; self-esteem; social affiliation; autonomy; self-actualization.
D)   Security and safety; social affiliation; self-esteem; self-actualization; autonomy.
E)   Security and safety; social affiliation; self-esteem; autonomy; self-actualization.

Question 8

Which of the following characteristics does John Atkinson believe drive motivation? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Rewards and punishments.
B)   Desire to achieve.
C)   Empowerment.
D)   Need to avoid failure.
E)   Need to prove oneself.

Question 9

Which of the following did Thomas Sergiovanni conclude from his studies of motivation? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Older teachers were more concerned about self-esteem.
B)   Younger teachers were more concerned about safety and security.
C)   Teachers are generally ready to respond to higher-order needs.
D)   Salary and benefits increases are highly motivating.
E)   As older teachers approach retirement, they become more concerned about lower order needs.

Question 10

The four dimensions of human personality measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI are

Accepted Answer

A)   introversion-extroversion; sensation- feeling; thinking-intuition; perceiving-judging.
B)   introversion- intuition; sensation-thinking; extroversion-judging; perceiving-feeling.
C)   perceiving- feeling; Introversion-extroversion; sensation-intuition; thinking- judging.
D)   introversion-extroversion; sensation- thinking; intuition-feeling; perceiving-judging.
E)   sensation-intuition; introversion-extroversion; thinking-feeling; perceiving-judging.

Question 11

Which of the following are true about different personality types? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   About 75% of the population is thought to be extraverted.
B)   A perceiving person is one who tends to use either sensing or intuition.
C)   A feeling person uses reasoning, logic, and analysis to make judgments.
D)   A judging person is one who tends to use intuition.
E)   A judging person is one who tends to be introverted.

Question 12

What is the Protestant Work Ethic and what does David McClelland add to the discourse in terms of achievement motivation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the Protestant Work Ethic and...

Question 13

In applying Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation which of the following might be true? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   If a principal allows individuals to participate in decision making, it can lead to dissatisfaction.
B)   If a principal attempts to make an individual's job more interesting, the individual may become dissatisfied because of the extra work load.
C)   By providing job security, the school district believes workers will be more satisfied.
D)   A consultant informs the superintendent that if she recommends a salary increase that will not keep up with inflation, it will likely create dissatisfaction.
E)   The district administration believes that by developing a new teacher evaluation instrument that better measures and recognizes teacher accomplishments, teachers will be more satisfied.

Question 14

Which of the following are examples that a behaviorist would support? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   A teacher who was willing to chair a difficult committee is promoted to department head.
B)   Teachers in each department are asked to develop curriculum guides to implement new state standards.
C)   At a school-wide meeting teachers work in groups to recommend changes to the school vision and mission.
D)   The district begins a new merit pay plan for teachers.
E)   Those teachers who have more than 75% of their students scoring below the district average on the state test are placed on probationary status.

Question 15

Whose work was influential in laying the foundation for the concept of personality types?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sigmund Freud.
B)   William James.
C)   Howard Gardner.
D)   Carl Jung.
E)   Both a and b.

Question 16

Select all of the following that reflect motivational patterns that scholars believe are evident in human behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   Direction in making choices.
B)   Persistence.
C)   Belief.
D)   Desire.
E)   Intensity.

Exam 5: Motivation: Understanding Self and Others