Exam 7: Urology and Nephrology

Your patient is a 68-year-old male who is conscious but confused and lying on his kitchen floor. The patient offers no complaint other than wishing to be helped up from the floor. The patient can tell you that he "slipped a few days ago" and has been on the floor since. Physical examination reveals dry, cool skin; dry mucous membranes; clear lung sounds bilaterally; and no indications of trauma. HR = 112, BP = 98/70, RR = 14, SaO₂ = 96%. Your partner finds an appointment card indicating the patient missed a hemodialysis appointment two days ago. Which of the following is the best course for managing this patient?

Which of the following would most increase the likelihood of a urinary tract infection?

Which of the following is a prerenal cause of acute renal failure?

You respond to an ill patient. You note that the patient appears jaundiced and has a white frosty dust on his skin. You suspect:

The leading cause(s) of end-stage renal failure is (are):

When assessing a fistula used for hemodialysis, which of the following should concern you?

Your patient has a history of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Which of the following complaints is most consistent with this history?

You respond to a nursing home for an ill patient. Upon your arrival, the staff tells you that over the past few days the patient's urine output has been steadily declining. Today, the patient has voided only approximately 400 mL. You suspect:

Which of the following statements best explains why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males?

Your patient is a 68-year-old female who is conscious but confused and lying supine in bed without complaint. Her daughter states that the patient was recently diagnosed with a bladder infection and has been taking antibiotics. She also states that her mother has not produced urine for two days, during which she has become increasingly confused. Physical examination reveals swelling to the face, hands, and feet; cool and moist skin; and lung sounds that are clear and equal bilaterally. HR = 104, BP = 142/88, RR = 14, SaO₂ = 96%. In addition to administering oxygen and monitoring the cardiac rhythm, which of the following courses of action is most appropriate?

Of the following, which is TRUE of the changes in blood chemistry and composition in a patient with chronic renal failure?

Which of the following chemistry findings would suggest acute renal failure?

Your patient is complaining of pain secondary to epididymitis. Where should you expect the pain to be located?

Your patient is a 30-year-old male complaining of pain radiating from the left flank into the groin. He states that it began as a vague pain in his flank, then became very sharp and radiating. Based on his description of his pain, you would also expect him to complain of:

Treatment of a patient in acute renal failure may include all of the following EXCEPT:

Tenderness associated with pyelonephritis is best evaluated by percussing:

A 76-year-old patient with acute interstitial nephritis presents with oliguria, altered mental status, and edema to his face, hands, and feet. Of the following, which best describes the pathophysiology behind these clinical findings?

In healthy individuals, which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

Which of the following is least likely to lead to acute renal failure?

Which of the following statements about chronic renal failure (CRF) is accurate?