Exam 16: Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

__________ are physical or chemical agents that cause mutation.

Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.

After an F⁺ $\times$ F^- mating,the donor is __________ and the recipient is __________.

__________ __________ is the process by which some cells are capable of degrading an exogenote.

A mutagen that inserts between the stacked bases of a DNA double helix,distorting the DNA to induce single-pair insertions or deletions is called a(n)__________ agent.

In the mechanics of conjugation,exclusive of gene transfer,Hfr and F⁺ strains behave the same.

In mismatch repair on newly replicated DNA,enzymes distinguish between old and newly replicated DNA strands based on the fact that newly replicated DNA strands are ________ methylated relative to older DNA.

Specialized transduction can be carried out by

A plasmid that can either exist independently of the chromosome or be integrated into it is called a(n)__________.

In an HFR $\times$ F⁺ mating,the conjugation bridge usually breaks before chromosomal transfer is complete.Therefore,the recipient remains F^-.

Approximately half of known animal carcinogens can be detected by the Ames test.

Alternate forms of genes resulting from mutations are called

Plasmids that have genes for pili and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation are called __________ plasmids.