Exam 3: Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights

In the context of the types of female genital mutilation and female genital cutting,partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora,with or without excision of the labia majora,is known as:

For each woman who dies during childbirth,another twenty survive but suffer from pregnancy-related disabilities.One of these conditions,obstetric fistula,is currently the focus of advocacy efforts.Describe this condition in detail,and discuss both its causes and its symptoms.Finally,identify the treatment options for obstetric fistula (including any preventive measures that can be taken).

________ refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for nonmedical reasons.

Which of the following statements about the Roman Catholic Church is false?

Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal formed by cutting and stitching the labia minora or labia majora,with or without clitoridectomy,is known as infibulation.

Uterine prolapse is usually a condition suffered by older women.

Countries with antinatalist policies tend to provide a large range of contraceptive options,but they emphasize those that are low in risk and high in effectiveness.

Coercive antinatalism occurs when a government is concerned about overpopulation and enacts strict policies to discourage childbearing.

Globally,reproductive health conditions are the third leading cause of death and illness among women of childbearing age.

________ occurs when tissues between the vaginal wall and the bladder or rectum are torn during childbirth.This condition can result in ulceration,infections,and incontinence.

Countries with coercive pronatalist policies attempt to increase birth rates by reducing or banning contraception and abortion (and/or by providing government benefits based on family size).These policies are often enacted with the hope of ________.

Collectively,the right to reproductive health care and the right to reproductive self-determination are referred to as ________.

Despite women's activism,the number of countries outlawing abortion has increased dramatically in the last twenty years.

________ refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within forty-two days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management.

Describe both the short-term and the long-term consequences of female genital cutting.What are some of the steps being taken to eliminate this practice worldwide,and why is cultural sensitivity so important when initiating such efforts?

The textbook identifies five general types of birth control (behavioral methods,barrier methods,hormonal methods,intrauterine devices,and permanent methods).Keeping in mind that an individual's sexual partner(s)can influence both whether or not and how contraception is used,discuss the potential risks and benefits of each of these methods.

In comparison to their more economically robust counterparts,developing countries have low standards of living and high poverty rates.Perhaps,developing nations also have higher maternal mortality rates.________ percent of maternal deaths occur in such countries.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs)are the most widely used form of reversible birth control in the world.Identify a true statement about IUDs.