Exam 8: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language

Camilla is learning French. She knows a lot of French words, but struggles to have a conversation because the word order is different than English and she gets confused. Which aspect of the language is difficult for Camilla?

Which of the following is a barrier or obstacle to solving problems?

What evidence about language learning has come from people who have received cochlear implants?

Most organic food stores sell vegan snacks, and about half of all coffee shops sell vegan snacks. There are only a few organic food stores but there are hundreds of coffee shops in the city. If you assume that you should go to an organic food store to find a vegan snack, what type of error have you made?

The __________ bias refers to our tendency to overestimate our ability to predict known outcomes, whereas the __________ bias reflects the overestimation of our ability to make correct predictions.

A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the __________ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax.

Which of the following would be most likely to cause an error, in a Stroop task?

By approximately preschool age (4 years old), what is the highest stage of language development that most children have mastered?

Dr. Speecher examined whether there are differences in language development between bilingual and monolingual children. He found that bilingual children do show some delay in __________ but do not demonstrate impairments in __________.

In situations where we have limited information, some people tend to assume the worst will happen. This systematic tendency in thinking is known as

The case of Genie, a child who was deprived of language input, is fascinating but does not allow us to draw clear conclusions about critical periods in language development. Describe Genie's language use, and explain why this case is difficult to interpret.

Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?

Babies who are born to parents who use sign language will start to __________ with their hands.

If we know that Ashley is 25 years old, outspoken on environmental and human rights issues, and presently on her way to an anti-nuclear weapons demonstration, we might come to the quick conclusion that she is also a feminist, because we associate feminism with other forms of activism. This mental shortcut demonstrates the

Some words in a language are entirely arbitrary, but some words do seem to resemble the meaning of the items or concepts they represent. Provide examples of words that fit each of these categories, and explain how the arbitrariness of words relates to our understanding of how language originated or evolved.

The level of analysis of language that focuses on the smallest units of meaningful speech is called

Social context and the use of gestures and facial expressions by the speaker are examples of __________ information.

People are more likely to fear plane crashes than digestive cancer, even though digestive cancer is almost twice as common. This error is produced because of the

Ben is 9 months old, and makes a lot of sounds that aren't words. The sounds tend to be repeated strings of phonemes, like 'ba-ba-ba-ba' or 'doo-doo-doo-doo-doo'. What is the term for this type of vocalization?

News reports often emphasize events that are very rare, like plane crashes or winning the lottery, and that emphasis causes those events to be memorable and pop into our minds easily. Which cognitive bias would be worsened by this sort of media attention?