Question 1

Iron is lost from oceans when it combines with _____ and precipitates.

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen 
B)  silicon 
C)  phosphorus 
D)  carbon 
A)  nitrogen 
B)  silicon 
C)  phosphorus 
D)  carbon

Question 2

Consumption efficiency is calculated as

Accepted Answer

A)  consumed energy times net production energy of the next lower trophic level. 
B)  net production energy of the next lower trophic level divided by consumed energy. 
C)  consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next higher trophic level. 
D)  consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next lower trophic level. 
A)  consumed energy times net production energy of the next lower trophic level. 
B)  net production energy of the next lower trophic level divided by consumed energy. 
C)  consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next higher trophic level. 
D)  consumed energy divided by net production energy of the next lower trophic level.

Question 3

Ecological efficiency is also called _____ efficiency.

Accepted Answer

A)  trophic pyramid 
B)  food chain 
C)  assimilation 
D)  net production 
A)  trophic pyramid 
B)  food chain 
C)  assimilation 
D)  net production

Question 4

Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

A)  tropical; coastal 
B)  tropical; open-water 
C)  polar; tropical 
D)  tropical; tropical 
A)  tropical; coastal 
B)  tropical; open-water 
C)  polar; tropical 
D)  tropical; tropical

Question 5

Terrestrial secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity, and aquatic secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  positively; positively 
B)  positively; negatively 
C)  negatively; negatively 
D)  negatively; positively 
A)  positively; positively 
B)  positively; negatively 
C)  negatively; negatively 
D)  negatively; positively

Question 6

In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, what nutrients can limit productivity in the open ocean?

Accepted Answer

A)  silicon and magnesium 
B)  silicon and iron 
C)  manganese and iron 
D)  molybdenum and manganese 
A)  silicon and magnesium 
B)  silicon and iron 
C)  manganese and iron 
D)  molybdenum and manganese

Question 7

Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) has a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of 45:1. The abalone consumes giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), which has a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of 20:1. Would you expect this trophic level to have a high or low ecological efficiency? Why?

Accepted Answer

Ecological efficiency refers to the effi

Question 8

The rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area is called _____ productivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  gross secondary 
B)  net secondary 
C)  gross primary 
D)  net primary 
A)  gross secondary 
B)  net secondary 
C)  gross primary 
D)  net primary

Question 9

What nutrient fertilization has been discussed as a way to counteract global warming? How would the nutrient(s) affect global warming, and what are the drawbacks, if any?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient fertilization, specifically wit

Question 10

Biomass residence time is the length of time that

Accepted Answer

A)  biomass takes to move through the food chain. 
B)  energy takes to move through the food chain. 
C)  energy spends in a given trophic level. 
D)  biomass spends in a given trophic level. 
A)  biomass takes to move through the food chain. 
B)  energy takes to move through the food chain. 
C)  energy spends in a given trophic level. 
D)  biomass spends in a given trophic level.

Question 11

Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _____ from one trophic level compared to the next _____ trophic level.

Accepted Answer

A)  net production; higher 
B)  net production; lower 
C)  consumed energy; higher 
D)  consumed energy; lower 
A)  net production; higher 
B)  net production; lower 
C)  consumed energy; higher 
D)  consumed energy; lower

Question 12

The study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions is called

Accepted Answer

A)  ecosystem ecology. 
B)  ecological stoichiometry. 
C)  chemical ecology. 
D)  stoichiometric biochemistry. 
A)  ecosystem ecology. 
B)  ecological stoichiometry. 
C)  chemical ecology. 
D)  stoichiometric biochemistry.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a low-productivity aquatic ecosystem?

Accepted Answer

A)  open ocean 
B)  coral reef 
C)  forest stream 
D)  deep ocean 
A)  open ocean 
B)  coral reef 
C)  forest stream 
D)  deep ocean

Question 14

Compilation of data from many experiments on nutrients and NPP in marine ecosystems shows that ecosystems with hard bottoms are generally limited by _____, while soft-bottomed ecosystems are generally limited by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen; phosphorus 
B)  nitrogen; nitrogen and phosphorus 
C)  phosphorus; nitrogen 
D)  phosphorus; nitrogen and phosphorus 
A)  nitrogen; phosphorus 
B)  nitrogen; nitrogen and phosphorus 
C)  phosphorus; nitrogen 
D)  phosphorus; nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 15

Why do aquatic systems tend to have more trophic levels than terrestrial systems?

Accepted Answer

Aquatic systems often have more trophic

Question 16

The average energy residence time is calculated as

Accepted Answer

A)  energy in a trophic level times net productivity. 
B)  net productivity times energy in a trophic level. 
C)  energy in a trophic level divided by net productivity. 
D)  net productivity divided by energy present in a trophic level. 
A)  energy in a trophic level times net productivity. 
B)  net productivity times energy in a trophic level. 
C)  energy in a trophic level divided by net productivity. 
D)  net productivity divided by energy present in a trophic level.

Question 17

What is at the top level of a four-level, terrestrial trophic pyramid?

Accepted Answer

A)  quaternary consumers 
B)  tertiary consumers 
C)  secondary consumers 
D)  producers 
A)  quaternary consumers 
B)  tertiary consumers 
C)  secondary consumers 
D)  producers

Question 18

In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because

Accepted Answer

A)  most biomass is found in the producers. 
B)  the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers. 
C)  the life span of producers is very long compared to that of consumers. 
D)  consumers do not rapidly consume producers. 
A)  most biomass is found in the producers. 
B)  the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers. 
C)  the life span of producers is very long compared to that of consumers. 
D)  consumers do not rapidly consume producers.

Question 19

A terrestrial ecosystem has an NPP of 850 g C/m2/y and respiration of 1.25 kg C/m2/y. What is the ecosystem GPP in kilograms per meter squared per second?

Accepted Answer

To calculate the Gross Primary Productiv

Question 20

What is the primary reason that estuaries and coral reefs are so productive?

Accepted Answer

A)  high temperatures due to tropical location 
B)  low levels of herbivory 
C)  high light levels due to shallow waters 
D)  high nutrient levels from runoff 
A)  high temperatures due to tropical location 
B)  low levels of herbivory 
C)  high light levels due to shallow waters 
D)  high nutrient levels from runoff

Exam 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Iron is lost from oceans when it combines with _____ and precipitates.

Consumption efficiency is calculated as

Ecological efficiency is also called _____ efficiency.

Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems.

Terrestrial secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity, and aquatic secondary productivity is _____ correlated with primary productivity.

In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, what nutrients can limit productivity in the open ocean?

Red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) has a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of 45:1. The abalone consumes giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), which has a ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of 20:1. Would you expect this trophic level to have a high or low ecological efficiency? Why?

The rate of consumer biomass accumulation in a given area is called _____ productivity.

What nutrient fertilization has been discussed as a way to counteract global warming? How would the nutrient(s) affect global warming, and what are the drawbacks, if any?

Biomass residence time is the length of time that

Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _____ from one trophic level compared to the next _____ trophic level.

The study of the balance of nutrients in ecological interactions is called

Which of the following is NOT a low-productivity aquatic ecosystem?

Compilation of data from many experiments on nutrients and NPP in marine ecosystems shows that ecosystems with hard bottoms are generally limited by _____, while soft-bottomed ecosystems are generally limited by _____.

Why do aquatic systems tend to have more trophic levels than terrestrial systems?

The average energy residence time is calculated as

What is at the top level of a four-level, terrestrial trophic pyramid?

In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because

A terrestrial ecosystem has an NPP of 850 g C/m2/y and respiration of 1.25 kg C/m2/y. What is the ecosystem GPP in kilograms per meter squared per second?

What is the primary reason that estuaries and coral reefs are so productive?

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Reproductive Strategies

Social Behaviors

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Mutualism

Community Structure

Community Succession

Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

Filters

Exam 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems　

Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _ ecosystems.

Terrestrial secondary productivity is _ correlated with primary productivity, and aquatic secondary productivity is _ correlated with primary productivity.

Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _ from one trophic level compared to the next _ trophic level.

Compilation of data from many experiments on nutrients and NPP in marine ecosystems shows that ecosystems with hard bottoms are generally limited by _, while soft-bottomed ecosystems are generally limited by _.

A terrestrial ecosystem has an NPP of 850 g C/m²/y and respiration of 1.25 kg C/m²/y. What is the ecosystem GPP in kilograms per meter squared per second?