Question 1

Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of these pathways.

Accepted Answer

-The authority conflict pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.This leads to defiance (doing things one's own way,disobedience)and then to authority avoidance (staying out late,truancy,running away).
-The covert pathway begins with minor,underhanded behavior (lying,shoplifting)that leads to property damage (setting nuisance fires,damaging property).This behavior eventually escalates to more serious forms of criminality,ranging from joyriding,pocket picking,larceny,and fencing to passing bad checks,using stolen credit cards,stealing cars,dealing drugs,and breaking and entering.
-The overt pathway escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression (annoying others,bullying),leading to physical (and gang)fighting,and then to violence (attacking someone,forced theft).

Question 3

Research indicates that poor parental discipline and monitoring seem to be keys to the early onset of criminality and that these influences may follow kids into their adulthood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive personality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the cycle of violence 
B) later poor parenting ability 
C) one's age of desistance 
D) later and more serious criminality 
A) the cycle of violence 
B) later poor parenting ability 
C) one's age of desistance 
D) later and more serious criminality

Question 6

According to Sampson and Laub,what is false regarding the marriage factor and crime?

Accepted Answer

A) People who maintain successful marriages are more likely to mature out of crime. 
B) Marriage destabilizes people. 
C) The marriage benefit may be intergenerational. 
D) Marriage reduces exposure to deviant peers,which in turn reduces the opportunity to become involved in crime. 
A) People who maintain successful marriages are more likely to mature out of crime. 
B) Marriage destabilizes people. 
C) The marriage benefit may be intergenerational. 
D) Marriage reduces exposure to deviant peers,which in turn reduces the opportunity to become involved in crime.

Question 7

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:

Accepted Answer

A) nutrition and health care 
B) intelligence 
C) child rearing practices 
D) education 
A) nutrition and health care 
B) intelligence 
C) child rearing practices 
D) education

Question 8

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime,the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory...

Question 9

The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:

Accepted Answer

A) religion and marriage 
B) marriage and career 
C) education and religion 
D) marriage and education 
A) religion and marriage 
B) marriage and career 
C) education and religion 
D) marriage and education

Question 10

Which of the following is not supported by research on age-graded theory?

Accepted Answer

A) As levels of cumulative disadvantage increase,crime-resisting elements of social life are impaired. 
B) Criminal career trajectories are set from an early age and cannot be reversed. 
C) Gaining social capital later in life helps erase some of the damage caused by its absence in youth. 
D) People change over the life course and factors that predict delinquency may have less of an impact on adult crime. 
A) As levels of cumulative disadvantage increase,crime-resisting elements of social life are impaired. 
B) Criminal career trajectories are set from an early age and cannot be reversed. 
C) Gaining social capital later in life helps erase some of the damage caused by its absence in youth. 
D) People change over the life course and factors that predict delinquency may have less of an impact on adult crime.

Question 11

________________________,in his Philadelphia cohort research,identified a small group of chronic offenders who engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________________,in his Philadelphia cohort research,identified a small...

Question 12

According to control-balance theory,this occurs when the amount of control one is subject to by others is in balance with the amount of control one can exercise over others.

Accepted Answer

A) conformity 
B) crime 
C) exploitation 
D) defiance 
A) conformity 
B) crime 
C) exploitation 
D) defiance

Question 13

Developmental theories attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career,encompassing its onset,persistence,and desistence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Life course theories are integrated theories and assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts later and more serious criminality.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

According to ______________________,crime is among a group of social problems faced by at-risk youth.

Accepted Answer

problem be

Question 16

What is known about the age of onset and the continuity of crime?

Accepted Answer

A) Early-onset criminals are more involved in aggressive acts ranging from cruelty to animals to peer-directed violence. 
B) Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in nonviolent crimes such as theft. 
C) Children who become the most serious delinquents begin their deviant careers at a very early (preschool)age. 
D) Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in physically aggressive acts. 
A) Early-onset criminals are more involved in aggressive acts ranging from cruelty to animals to peer-directed violence. 
B) Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in nonviolent crimes such as theft. 
C) Children who become the most serious delinquents begin their deviant careers at a very early (preschool)age. 
D) Late-onset criminals are more likely to be involved in physically aggressive acts.

Question 17

The __________________ stay out of trouble in adolescence,until late in their teenage years,and then become violent chronic persisters.

Accepted Answer

A) adolescent-limited 
B) life course persistent 
C) late bloomer 
D) adolescent bloomers 
A) adolescent-limited 
B) life course persistent 
C) late bloomer 
D) adolescent bloomers

Question 18

According to the principles of age-graded theory,repeated negative life experiences create a condition called _______________________.

Accepted Answer

cumulative

Question 19

Research indicates that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if life conditions improve and kids gain social capital.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Aging-out is explained by latent trait theory in that one's propensity to commit crime remains stable over the life course,the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time,and people only appear to age-out as they mature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior.

What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of these pathways.

Research indicates that poor parental discipline and monitoring seem to be keys to the early onset of criminality and that these influences may follow kids into their adulthood.

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive personality.

Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________.

According to Sampson and Laub,what is false regarding the marriage factor and crime?

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime,the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of _______________.

The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:

Which of the following is not supported by research on age-graded theory?

________________________,in his Philadelphia cohort research,identified a small group of chronic offenders who engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.

According to control-balance theory,this occurs when the amount of control one is subject to by others is in balance with the amount of control one can exercise over others.

Developmental theories attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career,encompassing its onset,persistence,and desistence.

Life course theories are integrated theories and assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts later and more serious criminality.

According to ______________________,crime is among a group of social problems faced by at-risk youth.

What is known about the age of onset and the continuity of crime?

The __________________ stay out of trouble in adolescence,until late in their teenage years,and then become violent chronic persisters.

According to the principles of age-graded theory,repeated negative life experiences create a condition called _______________________.

Research indicates that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if life conditions improve and kids gain social capital.

Aging-out is explained by latent trait theory in that one's propensity to commit crime remains stable over the life course,the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time,and people only appear to age-out as they mature.

Crime and Criminology

The Nature and Extent of Crime

Victims and Victimization

Rational Choice Theory

Trait Theories

Social Structure Theories

Social Process Theories

Social Conflict, critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

Interpersonal Violence

Political Crime and Terrorism

Property Crime

Enterprise Crime

Public Order Crime

Crimes of the New Millennium

The Criminal Justice System

Police and the Courts

Punishment and Correction

Filters

Exam 9: Developmental Theories

Latent trait theories hold that some underlying condition present at birth or soon after controls behavior.

What are the three pathways to crime identified by Loeber? Explain each of these pathways.

Research indicates that poor parental discipline and monitoring seem to be keys to the early onset of criminality and that these influences may follow kids into their adulthood.

Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that low self-control is a function of an impulsive personality.

Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts ________.

According to Sampson and Laub,what is false regarding the marriage factor and crime?

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate:

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime,the propensity to commit crime is tied directly to a person's level of _______________.

The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:

Which of the following is not supported by research on age-graded theory?

________________________,in his Philadelphia cohort research,identified a small group of chronic offenders who engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.

According to control-balance theory,this occurs when the amount of control one is subject to by others is in balance with the amount of control one can exercise over others.

Developmental theories attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career,encompassing its onset,persistence,and desistence.

Life course theories are integrated theories and assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset of deviance strongly predicts later and more serious criminality.

According to ______________________,crime is among a group of social problems faced by at-risk youth.

What is known about the age of onset and the continuity of crime?

The __________________ stay out of trouble in adolescence,until late in their teenage years,and then become violent chronic persisters.

According to the principles of age-graded theory,repeated negative life experiences create a condition called _______________________.

Research indicates that criminal career trajectories can be reversed if life conditions improve and kids gain social capital.

Aging-out is explained by latent trait theory in that one's propensity to commit crime remains stable over the life course,the opportunity to commit crime fluctuates over time,and people only appear to age-out as they mature.

Crime and Criminology

The Nature and Extent of Crime

Victims and Victimization

Rational Choice Theory

Trait Theories

Social Structure Theories

Social Process Theories

Social Conflict, critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

Interpersonal Violence

Political Crime and Terrorism

Property Crime

Enterprise Crime

Public Order Crime

Crimes of the New Millennium

The Criminal Justice System

Police and the Courts

Punishment and Correction

Filters