Exam 9: Developmental Theories

The ______________ pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate______________________________.

Most offenders' antisocial behavior peaks during adolescence and then diminishes as they mature to around the age of 18.These offenders are known as:

The view that both biological and psychological traits influence the crime-non-crime choice is known as:

The ______ pathway escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression,such as annoying others,leading to physical fighting,and then to violence.

The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:

Discuss the policy-based initiatives that have been developed using the premises of developmental theory.What elements or aspects of development theory do these initiatives address?

Wilson and Herrnstein's model assumes that both __________________________traits influence the crime-noncrime choice.

Most young offenders follow one of two paths."Typical teenagers" who get into minor scrapes and who engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends are considered to be _______________________ offenders.

A condition caused by repeat negative experiences,which may undermine life changes and increase the risk of offending is known as:

Some theorists believe that criminality may be a part of a group of antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction,sexual and physical abuse,substance abuse,educational underachievement,sensation seeking,and unemployment.This is known as:

High levels of coercion produce criminality.Coercion that involves pressures beyond an individual's control,such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or poverty,is termed:

The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as:

Which theorists developed age-graded theory,life course theory that encompasses transitions and turning points.

What does research show to be a key factor in terms of early onset of criminality?

Discuss the factors that comprise problem behavior syndrome (PBS)and the association between PBS and crime.

Human nature theory indicates that all human behavior,including criminality,is determined by its perceived consequences.Psychological and biological traits influence one's crime and noncrime choices.

Research indicates that _____ offend more frequently and engage in a greater variety of antisocial acts than other offenders;they also manifest significantly more mental health problems.

What theory,developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi considers the criminal offender and the criminal act as separate concepts?

Building ______________ - positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining - support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior.