Exam 3: Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion

Which case established that there is no requirement under the Fourth Amendment that the offense establishing probable cause for an arrest be "closely related" to or "based on" the same conduct as the offense for which the defendant was initially suspected was:

Probable cause and reasonable suspicion differ in degree of:

In arrests with a warrant,the______ makes the initial determination of probable cause.

Most courts have held that when an ordinary citizen who is a victim or eyewitness provides information

The Aguilar and Spinelli decisions were overruled by the Gates decision.

In ______,the probable cause concerns are whether an offense has been committed.

A trial court's determination of probable cause can be reviewed by a(n)______court if the case is appealed.

Which of the following types of informants are considered reliable?

Explain the advantages/disadvantages of arrest with a warrant as opposed to arrest without a warrant.

More circumstances taken into account means less likelihood of establishing probable cause or reasonable suspicion.

The highest standard of proof in American law is proof by a preponderance of the evidence.

In some jurisdictions,the absence of probable cause in a warrant must be established by the defendant through:

Which of the following would police officers consider to be an advantage of obtaining a warrant?

There is a legal and a practical definition of probable cause.

What is the first prong in the Aguillar two-prong test that Officer Jimenez will evaluate?

The term______ refers to the average man or woman on the street.

Probable cause and reasonable suspicion differ in the degree of certainty and are used in different situations.Explain the differences in degree of certainty and the situations in which the different levels of proof are required.

What are the three ways whereby probable cause is established? How do they differ?

Probable cause is required in arrests without a warrant.

Reasonable suspicion is sufficient for stop and frisk but not arrest.