Exam 5: Using Supply and Demand

Many state governments support higher education through subsidies. (A subsidy is like a negative excise tax). Consider the following supply and demand for college education at State U, which shows the equilibrium that would prevail without subsidies: annual tuition is $20,000 with Q₀ enrolled students. Suppose the state provides a $10,000 per year subsidy paid to State U for each student enrolled. What impact will this subsidy have on the equilibrium tuition level and number of enrolled students? Explain.

What is a living wage? Why did many states find it necessary to establish a living wage?

Used newspaper often is recycled into building insulation, packaging materials, and other products. At one time there was a "glut" of used newspaper in the United States. As a result, recycling centers refused to pay for used newspaper anymore, even though the price of used newspaper used to be about $.02 per pound. (Recycling centers continue to take used newspaper, without payment, from environmentally conscious consumers.) The "glut" also caused consumers to throw out large quantities of used newspaper in their trash, where it ended up in landfills. Since these landfills were becoming costly to build and maintain, local governments began seeking ways to encourage recycling and reduce the amount of used newspaper that ended up in landfills. Your task is to analyze this problem in the context of the following numerical example. Suppose the market for used newspaper can be described by the following equations: Q_D = 600 - 10P Q_S = 900 Where Q_D is the quantity of used newspaper demanded by recycling centers. All prices are measured in cents per hundred pounds and all quantities are measured in pounds. (a) Compute the initial equilibrium price (P₁) and quantity (Q₁) of used newspaper. Then identify how much used newspaper gets recycled and how much ends up in landfills. Is there a "glut" of used newspaper? Explain your answers briefly. (b) Suppose the U.S. government required all newspaper publishers to purchase 25 percent of their newsprint from recycled newspaper. Suppose also that this requirement shifted the demand curve for used newspaper to either Q_D = 400 - 10P or Q_D = 1200 - 10P. Which demand curve would result from the 25 per cent recycling requirement? (c) Based on your answer in (b), compute the new equilibrium price (P₂) and quantity (Q₂) of used newspaper. Now how much used newspaper gets recycled and how much ends up in landfills? (d) Would the 25 per cent requirement help eliminate the alleged "glut" of used newspaper in the United States? Explain briefly with reference to your answers in (c). (e) Draw an appropriate graph of your solutions in (a) and (c).

Start by drawing a supply and demand equilibrium situation. Using your diagram, demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact of a decrease in supply on equilibrium price and quantity. What could cause this shift?

Analyze the impact of a firm entering an existing market on the equilibrium quantity and price in that market using a supply and demand diagram.

Start by drawing a supply and demand equilibrium situation. Using your diagram, demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact of a decrease in demand and an increase in supply on equilibrium price and quantity.

What is a tariff? Demonstrate the effect of a tariff on equilibrium quantity and price. Does the equilibrium price rise by the amount of the tariff? Why or why not?

Explain the shifts in demand and/or supply that can result in the following observations: (Assume the demand curve is downward sloping and the supply curve is upward sloping.) (a) Both price and quantity rise. (b) Price rises, quantity falls. (c) Price rises, quantity doesn't change. (d) Quantity rises, price doesn't change.

Demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact on supply and demand equilibrium of an effective price ceiling.

The market for tennis racquets in a small town is represented by the following demand and supply equations: Q_D = 200 - P Q_S = -50 + P Calculate the following (treat each point as a separate scenario): (a) The equilibrium price and quantity. (b) The equilibrium price and quantity after a $10 tax on the supplier. (c) The equilibrium price and quantity after a $10 tax on the consumer. (d) The equilibrium price and quantity after the government sets a price ceiling of $100. (e) The equilibrium price and quantity after the government sets a price floor of $110. (f) The equilibrium price and quantity after the government sets a quantity restriction of 75 units and an increase in the demand for racquets by 50.

Use a supply/demand diagram to explain the effects of a government-imposed price ceiling that is above the equilibrium price. What will be the effective quantity and price in this situation?

A musical group called "The Grateful Dead" sold out concert after concert and typically provided a good living for scalpers (who buy tickets and resell them). Explain (using a supply and demand diagram) how The Grateful Dead's ticket pricing policy set an effective ceiling on the price of concert tickets. If there were a fixed number of seats at their concerts, what was the shape of the supply curve for these seats?

How does total size of expenditures in a third-part payer market compare to the total size of expenditures in a market with no third-party payer?

In the 1990s and into the fist decade of the 2000s, the war in Iraq reduced that nation's petroleum production and exports to levels that are well below pre-war levels. At the same time as a result of the rapid growth of the Chinese economy, world demand for petroleum products increased significantly. Both events had significant impacts on world oil prices. How would the simple supply and demand model apply to this case?

Start by drawing a supply and demand equilibrium situation. Using your diagram, demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact of an increase in demand and an increase in supply on equilibrium price and quantity.

What is an excise tax? Demonstrate the effect of an excise tax paid by suppliers on equilibrium quantity and price.

Demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact on supply and demand equilibrium of an effective price floor.

What is a price floor? What happens to the relationship between quantity demanded and supplied with an effective price floor?

What is a third-party payer market? Give an example.

Demonstrate graphically and explain verbally the impact of a third-party payer market on supply and demand equilibrium in this case. Be sure to discuss equilibrium quantity, price received by suppliers, price paid by consumers, and total expenditures.