Exam 1: The Sociological Perspective

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Functionalism and conflict theory are two major sociological perspectives that offer different explanations for social phenomena.

Functionalism, also known as structural functionalism, views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and order. It emphasizes the importance of social institutions, such as family, education, and government, in maintaining social equilibrium. According to functionalism, each part of society serves a specific function that contributes to the overall stability and functioning of the society. This perspective also emphasizes the importance of social norms and values in maintaining social order.

On the other hand, conflict theory views society as a competition for limited resources, with power and inequality being central to social life. It focuses on the ways in which power dynamics and social inequalities shape social relationships and institutions. Conflict theorists argue that social institutions, such as the economy and the legal system, are structured to benefit the powerful and maintain the status quo, often at the expense of marginalized groups. This perspective also emphasizes the role of conflict and struggle in driving social change.

Distinctive features of functionalism include its focus on social stability, the interconnectedness of social institutions, and the emphasis on social norms and values. On the other hand, conflict theory is distinctive for its focus on power dynamics, social inequality, and the role of conflict in shaping society.

Common criticisms of functionalism include its tendency to overlook social change and conflict, its conservative bias in maintaining the status quo, and its failure to account for the experiences of marginalized groups. Critics argue that functionalism may downplay the negative aspects of social institutions and overlook the ways in which they can perpetuate inequality.

Similarly, common criticisms of conflict theory include its focus on conflict and inequality at the expense of social stability and order, its tendency to overlook the ways in which social institutions can also promote cooperation and consensus, and its deterministic view of social change. Critics argue that conflict theory may oversimplify complex social phenomena and overlook the ways in which individuals and groups can work together to create positive social change.

In conclusion, functionalism and conflict theory offer different perspectives on society, with distinctive features and common criticisms. While functionalism emphasizes social stability and the interconnectedness of social institutions, conflict theory focuses on power dynamics and social inequality. Both perspectives have been influential in shaping sociological research and understanding of social phenomena.