Exam 6: Learning

Tolman did an experiment where laboratory rats were reinforced for completing a maze.Each subsequent day, they ran the maze with fewer errors.On the 11th day of the experiment, Tolman flooded the maze with water, forcing the laboratory rats to use muscle movements that had never been reinforced.If the rats were building cognitive maps of the mazes, which result would you expect for their performance on the 11th day?

A stimulus that, before conditioning, naturally brings about the response of interest is called

When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of a desired response, they are engaged in _____ a behavior.

The work of John Watson with Little Albert demonstrated the likelihood that many, if not most, phobias are initially created as a result of

Continuous reinforcement occurs when _____.

_____ is a biological constraint that occurs when an animal's conditioned responses shift back toward innate response patterns.

According to Skinner's principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____the response.

_____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n)_____.

A teacher who reinforces successive approximations of a behavior is engaged in _____.

George gets paid on Fridays for a week's work; Mai-ling gets paid for every five wedding veils she completes.George is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, while Mai-ling is on a _____ schedule.

Which of the following is an appropriate pairing of the individual to the subject he studied?

When you add a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response recurring, you are engaged in _____.If you subtract a stimulus with the same result, you are engaged in _____.

Continuous reinforcement is "better" when it comes to _____; partial reinforcement is "better" when it comes to _____.

The addition of a(n)_____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a(n)_____ stimulus results in negative reinforcement.

A(n)_____ is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus due to repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.

A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called

Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human.This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy.

Five-year-old Nicholas just learned the rhyme, "Step on a crack, break your mother's back." Tonight his mother won't let him eat the candy bar his grandmother just gave him until after dinner.Nicholas waves goodbye to grandma, and then smiles while stepping on all of the cracks in his driveway.This may be an example of _____.

The learning of a relationship between a new environmental stimulus and a previously reflexive response to a different stimulus is known as

Partial reinforcement occurs when _____.