Exam 9: Plain View, Open Fields, Abandonment, and Border Searches

Research suggests that jurors consistently believe mistaken identification evidence when faced with witnesses who are confident about their eyewitness identifications.

Research indicates that most eye witnesses to crimes are very good at acquiring accurate information while the crime is being committed.

According to research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, witnesses often added to their stories of crimes:

According to eyewitness expert Elizabeth Loftus, _________ shapes what a witness will remember and recall during the identification process.

Discuss show-up identification procedures and problems related to them.

Identification evidence, with all of its problems, is the most widely used, often the only, evidence available to identify and prove the guilt of _____________.

Eyewitness identification of strangers is low in reliability, even in the most ideal settings.

Failure to recall a detail about a crime or recognize the perpetrator is considered:

According to the Supreme Court opinion in Stovall v. Denno (1967), involving the use of a show-up to identify the defendant in a homicide case, I. the identification procedure was suggestive and violated due process. II. the procedure resulted in irreparable mistaken identification. III. the show-up was unnecessary. IV. the show-up was justified by the circumstances surrounding the victim's health.

Psychologists have studied three variables that are included in the Manson reliability test of eyewitness identification: I. the eyewitness's opportunity to view the criminal II. the amount of attention the witness paid to the criminal III. expert testimony concerning the reliability of eyewitness identification IV. the witness's confidence in the accuracy of their identification

Best guesses indicate that eyewitness misidentifications account for ______ percent of wrongful convictions of persons eventually exonerated by DNA.

The constitutional provision governing most identification procedures is the _____________.

The participants in most police lineups consist mainly of:

Wisconsin's recommendations for improving police lineups include: I. use fillers that will minimize any suggestiveness that might indicate the suspect. II. use a "double blind" procedure. III. instruct eyewitnesses that the real criminal may or may not be present in the lineup. IV. present the suspect and the fillers simultaneously.

In eyewitness identification, the accuracy of initial impressions depends on the: I. length of time the witness observed the stranger. II. distractions taking place during the observation. III. stress to the witness during the observation. IV. race of the witness and race of the stranger.

The Supreme Court has ruled that in order for identification evidence to be thrown out of court, the defendant must show that: I. the identification procedure was unnecessarily and impermissibly suggestive. II. the procedure was not justified by the circumstances. III. a better identification procedure should have been used. IV. the procedure created a substantial likelihood of misidentification.

One of the reforms suggested to improve eyewitness identification is to present the suspect and the fillers in a lineup simultaneously.

A witness's identification is susceptible to ___________, a powerful contributor to mistaken identity during memory retrieval.

______________ is when eyewitnesses are shown persons or objects and asked whether they are involved in the crime.

For which of the following situations will courts admit show-up identifications? I. when witnesses accidentally confront suspects II. in emergencies, when witnesses are hospitalized III. for witness convenience, when witnesses are in a hurry IV. when witnesses are not quite sure of a prior identification