Exam 16: Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine _______________.

Kelp are _______________

Most present-day fisheries managers ______________.

On what concept has traditional fisheries management been based? What approach do scientists think would improve current management techniques?

Bycatch ______________.

In 2006, Congress to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans.

Ocean water is saltiest _________________

Downwelling ______________

Ecosystem that lies along the shoreline between the farthest reach of the highest tides and the lowest reach of the lowest tide

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below. Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat. -Which of the following is not characteristic of currents?

Most marine- protected areas ________________

Discuss the impacts of human-made pollution on ocean ecosystems.

Upwelling ______________.

Explain the response of Canadian cod populations in the area of the Grand Banks after the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing.

In 1992, the Canadian government ______________

Summarize some of the positive effects of establishing marine reserves.

Water in the surface zone of the ocean is, for the most part, _______________

Read the following scenario and answer the question below. Diets that incorporate seafood can be healthy for us and kind to the environment. However, all seafood is not comparable, so choice is important. Mollusks such as oysters, mussels, and scallops are good choices if they are grown suspended in water, because dredging for these mollusks damages seafloors. On fish farms, this involves growing organisms on nets, trays, or racks. Because mollusks are filter feeders, farmed mollusks can actually improve water quality. Although shrimp are also filter feeders, shrimp farms, especially in Southeast Asia, are often built in coastal areas where mangroves are destroyed to make room for farms. As long as excessive quantities of grain or wild fish are not used for feed, aquaculture can be a very good alternative to open ocean fishing because it can reduce bycatch, the pressure on wild stocks, and the fossil fuel use required at sea. Exceptions are farms that raise transgenic salmon, which often spread disease, or where the farmed fish become oversized and outcompete the native fish. These salmon consume massive quantities of fish feed, so better fish choices are farm-raised talapia, striped bass, and sturgeon. In the wild, Pacific halibut, salmon, sablefish, and sardines are good choices because they are fished selectively. Wild grouper, shark, swordfish, tuna, and orange roughy must be consumed cautiously because water they inhabit usually contains high levels of mercury, PCBs, dioxins, or pesticides, which can biomagnify in food webs and bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Wild Chilean sea bass, Atlantic cod, and Atlantic halibut should be avoided because their populations have been overfished. Orange roughy have been overfished, reproduce slowly, and are fished with bottom-trawlers that frequently damage bottom habitat. -Hydrothermal vents ______________.

Area where a river flows into the ocean, mixing fresh water and saltwater

Sea otters act as keystone species in the ______________