Question 1

What is a subsidy? Describe the role of subsidies in present- day natural resource management.

Accepted Answer

A subsidy is a government giveaway of money or resources, including tax breaks. It is intended to encourage certain desired activities while discouraging others. Subsidies can be used to promote sustainable activities, although more often they have been directed toward industries involved in unsustainable natural resource management. Subsidies for mining and coal industries, and the money spent to build roads so that logging companies can harvest timber in our national forests, are some examples.

Question 2

What is the main goal of environmental policy? Describe the tragedy of the commons, and explain why environmental policy would focus on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.

Accepted Answer

The goal of environmental policy is to protect the natural resources that people use while considering the values that people place on resources, and to promote equity in the use of resources. The tragedy of the commons is the idea that unless the land held in common is regulated, there will be overuse and degradation to the detriment of individuals and of society. Environmental policy is designed to limit degradation and overuse of all lands. Externalities are impacts caused by market transactions that are borne by people not involved in the transaction. These impacts can be negative or positive. One role of environmental policy is to consider and deal with negative externalities in a fair manner.

Question 3

Lobbying is one strategy employed by _________________ to influence governmental environmental policies.

Accepted Answer

A) the legislative branch 
B) the judicial branch of government 
C) environmental advocacy groups and the American Petroleum Institute 
D) the U.S. president and members of the Cabinet 
E) the scientific community 
A) the legislative branch 
B) the judicial branch of government 
C) environmental advocacy groups and the American Petroleum Institute 
D) the U.S. president and members of the Cabinet 
E) the scientific community C

Question 4

Cap- and- trade is a system that _________________

Accepted Answer

A) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution 
B) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations 
C) permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap 
D) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue 
E) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries 
A) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution 
B) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations 
C) permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute at levels above the cap 
D) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue 
E) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries

Question 5

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one- third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWR

Accepted Answer

A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-Environmental public policy is intended to ________________ 
A) improve human welfare and protect the natural world 
B) maximize economic profit while minimizing public discontent 
C) ensure access to natural resources for industry 
D) promote the harvesting of natural resources 
E) measure the impact of industrial wastes on the environment 
A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-Environmental public policy is intended to ________________ 
A) improve human welfare and protect the natural world 
B) maximize economic profit while minimizing public discontent 
C) ensure access to natural resources for industry 
D) promote the harvesting of natural resources 
E) measure the impact of industrial wastes on the environment

Question 6

Identify NAFTA, and briefly discuss its purpose and consequences.

Accepted Answer

NAFTA is the North American Free Trade A

Question 7

The first laws in U.S. environmental policy ________________

Accepted Answer

A) were to reduce pollution caused by early industrial efforts 
B) were intended to promote settlement of the West 
C) were passed as early as 1980 
D) dealt primarily with management of private land 
E) were to preserve endangered species 
A) were to reduce pollution caused by early industrial efforts 
B) were intended to promote settlement of the West 
C) were passed as early as 1980 
D) dealt primarily with management of private land 
E) were to preserve endangered species

Question 8

Differentiate between a green tax and marketable emission permits. Which is superior for U.S. markets?

Accepted Answer

A green tax is a tax on activities and p

Question 9

Fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to _____________

Accepted Answer

A) the passage of the federal Water Pollution Control Act 
B) the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972 
C) a regulatory taking of many of the industries along the river and its tributaries 
D) laws requiring the separation of sewage and storm water in cities 
E) the formation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 
A) the passage of the federal Water Pollution Control Act 
B) the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972 
C) a regulatory taking of many of the industries along the river and its tributaries 
D) laws requiring the separation of sewage and storm water in cities 
E) the formation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

Question 10

Discuss the three major eras of environmental law in the United States. What key events sparked each era, and/or resulted from each one?

Accepted Answer

The first major era addressed public lan

Question 11

Law addressing harm to another person

Accepted Answer

A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts 
A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts

Question 12

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________________

Accepted Answer

A) fund economic development such as dams and irrigation projects in the poorest countries 
B) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure 
C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multinational irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides 
D) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming 
E) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations 
A) fund economic development such as dams and irrigation projects in the poorest countries 
B) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure 
C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multinational irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides 
D) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming 
E) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations

Question 13

Early environmental laws that gave the federal government the right to manage western lands

Accepted Answer

A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts 
A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts

Question 14

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one- third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWR

Accepted Answer

A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is an administrative agency in the Department of _________________ 
A) State 
B) the Interior 
C) Health and Human Services 
D) Agriculture 
E) the Environment 
A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is an administrative agency in the Department of _________________ 
A) State 
B) the Interior 
C) Health and Human Services 
D) Agriculture 
E) the Environment

Question 15

Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as _____________

Accepted Answer

A) mandatory law 
B) utilitarian law 
C) case law 
D) environmental law 
E) statutory law 
A) mandatory law 
B) utilitarian law 
C) case law 
D) environmental law 
E) statutory law

Question 16

List the economics- based approaches to environmental policy. How are these superior to the use of tort law for controlling pollution?

Accepted Answer

Economics- based approaches include gree

Question 17

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one- third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWR

Accepted Answer

A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-The creation of our National Wildlife Refuge system has been credited to what U.S. president? 
A) Barack Obama 
B) Theodore Roosevelt 
C) Richard Nixon 
D) Rutherford B. Hayes 
E) Dwight Eisenhower 
A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-The creation of our National Wildlife Refuge system has been credited to what U.S. president? 
A) Barack Obama 
B) Theodore Roosevelt 
C) Richard Nixon 
D) Rutherford B. Hayes 
E) Dwight Eisenhower

Question 18

What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act?

Accepted Answer

NEPA created an agency called the Counci

Question 19

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one- third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWR

Accepted Answer

A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-Wetlands in the United States _____________ 
A) have decreased due to human development 
B) have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes 
C) have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes 
D) have increased due to human development 
E) have stayed about the same over the past 40 years 
A) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.
-Wetlands in the United States _____________ 
A) have decreased due to human development 
B) have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes 
C) have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes 
D) have increased due to human development 
E) have stayed about the same over the past 40 years

Question 20

Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies

Accepted Answer

A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts 
A) environmental clause 
B) treaties 
C) National Environmental Policy Act 
D) policies 
E) western merit laws
F)land use laws
G)tort law
H)executive orders
I)general land ordinances
J)statutory laws
K)congressional acts

What is a subsidy? Describe the role of subsidies in present- day natural resource management.

What is the main goal of environmental policy? Describe the tragedy of the commons, and explain why environmental policy would focus on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.

Lobbying is one strategy employed by _________________ to influence governmental environmental policies.

Cap- and- trade is a system that _________________

Identify NAFTA, and briefly discuss its purpose and consequences.

The first laws in U.S. environmental policy ________________

Differentiate between a green tax and marketable emission permits. Which is superior for U.S. markets?

Fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to _____________

Discuss the three major eras of environmental law in the United States. What key events sparked each era, and/or resulted from each one?

Law addressing harm to another person

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________________

Early environmental laws that gave the federal government the right to manage western lands

Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as _____________

List the economics- based approaches to environmental policy. How are these superior to the use of tort law for controlling pollution?

What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act?

Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies

Science and Sustainability: an Introduction to Environmental Science

Earths Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology

Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology

Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development

Human Population

Soil and Agriculture

Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

The Urban Environment: Creating Sustainable Cities

Environmental Health and Toxicology

Freshwater Systems and Resources

Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Atmospheric Science, Air Quality, and Pollution Control

Global Climate Change

Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

Conventional Energy Alternatives

New Renewable Energy Alternatives

Managing Our Waste

Minerals and Mining

Sustainable Solutions

Filters

Exam 7: Environmental Policy: Making Decisions and Solving Problems

What is a subsidy? Describe the role of subsidies in present- day natural resource management.

What is the main goal of environmental policy? Describe the tragedy of the commons, and explain why environmental policy would focus on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.

Lobbying is one strategy employed by _________________ to influence governmental environmental policies.

Cap- and- trade is a system that _________________

Identify NAFTA, and briefly discuss its purpose and consequences.

The first laws in U.S. environmental policy ________________

Differentiate between a green tax and marketable emission permits. Which is superior for U.S. markets?

Fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to _____________

Discuss the three major eras of environmental law in the United States. What key events sparked each era, and/or resulted from each one?

Law addressing harm to another person

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________________

Early environmental laws that gave the federal government the right to manage western lands

Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as _____________

List the economics- based approaches to environmental policy. How are these superior to the use of tort law for controlling pollution?

What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act?

Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies

Science and Sustainability: an Introduction to Environmental Science

Earths Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology

Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology

Ethics, Economics, and Sustainable Development

Human Population

Soil and Agriculture

Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

The Urban Environment: Creating Sustainable Cities

Environmental Health and Toxicology

Freshwater Systems and Resources

Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Atmospheric Science, Air Quality, and Pollution Control

Global Climate Change

Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

Conventional Energy Alternatives

New Renewable Energy Alternatives

Managing Our Waste

Minerals and Mining

Sustainable Solutions

Filters