Question 1

The release of chemicals from an endocrine or exocrine gland is referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption 
B)  diffusion 
C)  filtration 
D)  secretion 
A)  absorption 
B)  diffusion 
C)  filtration 
D)  secretion

Question 2

Changes in blood calcium levels affect the secretion of both PTH and calcitonin. PTH increases blood calcium levels but calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels. Calcium is therefore an humoral inhibitor of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  calcitonin 
B)  PTH 
C)  both PTH and calcitonin 
A)  calcitonin 
B)  PTH 
C)  both PTH and calcitonin

Question 3

Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Activation of cyclic AMP 
B)  Activation of mRNA synthesis 
C)  Increased lipid synthesis by ribosomes 
D)  Opens membrane channels 
E)  Alters membrane permeability 
A)  Activation of cyclic AMP 
B)  Activation of mRNA synthesis 
C)  Increased lipid synthesis by ribosomes 
D)  Opens membrane channels 
E)  Alters membrane permeability

Question 4

Blood chemistry changes are examples of ________ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of ________ stimuli for hormone release.

Accepted Answer

A)  neural; humoral 
B)  positive; negative 
C)  negative; positive 
D)  humoral; neural 
A)  neural; humoral 
B)  positive; negative 
C)  negative; positive 
D)  humoral; neural

Question 5

Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water-soluble 
B)  Amino acid derivative 
C)  Protein 
D)  Lipid-soluble 
A)  Water-soluble 
B)  Amino acid derivative 
C)  Protein 
D)  Lipid-soluble

Question 6

Hormonal secretion can be regulated by

Accepted Answer

A)  the action of a substance other than a hormone. 
B)  the nervous system. 
C)  other hormones. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  the action of a substance other than a hormone. 
B)  the nervous system. 
C)  other hormones. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Once a lipid-soluble hormone is conjugated in the liver

Accepted Answer

A)  its half-life is increased. 
B)  it can be more quickly eliminated from the body. 
C)  it can be stored for later use. 
D)  it is actively transported into cells. 
E)  it is more slowly eliminated from the body. 
A)  its half-life is increased. 
B)  it can be more quickly eliminated from the body. 
C)  it can be stored for later use. 
D)  it is actively transported into cells. 
E)  it is more slowly eliminated from the body.

Question 8

Match the description with the type of receptor model.
-Messenger RNA synthesis regulated

Accepted Answer

A) Nuclear receptor model 
B) Membrane-bound receptor model 
A) Nuclear receptor model 
B) Membrane-bound receptor model

Question 9

Which type of chemical messenger is released from neurons to activate an adjacent cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paracrine 
B)  Neurotransmitter 
C)  Autocrine 
D)  Endocrine 
A)  Paracrine 
B)  Neurotransmitter 
C)  Autocrine 
D)  Endocrine

Question 10

After a meal, blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin. Of which type of stimulation is this an example?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humoral 
B)  Neural 
C)  Hormonal 
D)  Hypothalamic 
A)  Humoral 
B)  Neural 
C)  Hormonal 
D)  Hypothalamic

Question 11

A water-soluble hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane. Arrange the events that follow in correct sequence.
(1) Alpha subunit-GTP complex alters cell activity
(2) GTP binds to the alpha subunit replacing GDP
(3) G-protein subunits separate from the receptor
(4) Alpha subunit separates from other two subunits
(5) G-protein subunits bind to the receptor

Accepted Answer

A)  5, 2, 3, 4, 1 
B)  4, 2, 1, 3, 5 
C)  5, 2, 1, 4, 3 
D)  5, 4, 2, 1, 3 
E)  3, 4, 1, 2, 5 
A)  5, 2, 3, 4, 1 
B)  4, 2, 1, 3, 5 
C)  5, 2, 1, 4, 3 
D)  5, 4, 2, 1, 3 
E)  3, 4, 1, 2, 5

Question 12

Match the description with the type of receptor model.
-G-protein

Accepted Answer

A) Nuclear receptor model 
B) Membrane-bound receptor model 
A) Nuclear receptor model 
B) Membrane-bound receptor model

Question 13

In general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is ________ than their response to nervous stimulation.

Accepted Answer

A)  faster and briefer 
B)  slower and more prolonged 
C)  more accurate 
D)  more restricted to a small area of the body 
E)  more intense 
A)  faster and briefer 
B)  slower and more prolonged 
C)  more accurate 
D)  more restricted to a small area of the body 
E)  more intense

Question 14

The role of cAMP when it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells is to

Accepted Answer

A)  bind to and activate protein kinase. 
B)  directly activate genes in the nucleus to produce mRNA by binding to DNA. 
C)  directly activate structural enzymes in the cytoplasm of the target cell. 
D)  catalyze a cascade reaction that ultimately activates genes on the DNA. 
E)  control levels of calcium in the cell. 
A)  bind to and activate protein kinase. 
B)  directly activate genes in the nucleus to produce mRNA by binding to DNA. 
C)  directly activate structural enzymes in the cytoplasm of the target cell. 
D)  catalyze a cascade reaction that ultimately activates genes on the DNA. 
E)  control levels of calcium in the cell.

Question 15

Sympathetic neurons can serve as ________ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.

Accepted Answer

A)  autocrine 
B)  humoral 
C)  paracrine 
D)  neural 
A)  autocrine 
B)  humoral 
C)  paracrine 
D)  neural

Question 16

How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?

Accepted Answer

A)  By signs 
B)  By the location of the target cells 
C)  By the presence of specific receptor molecules on or in the target cells 
D)  By the function of the target cells 
E)  By the location of the hormones 
A)  By signs 
B)  By the location of the target cells 
C)  By the presence of specific receptor molecules on or in the target cells 
D)  By the function of the target cells 
E)  By the location of the hormones

Question 17

All of the following are reasons why some hormones need assistance to travel in the blood except

Accepted Answer

A)  they are small enough to be easily digested by blood enzymes. 
B)  they are easily filtered from the blood into the kidney tubules. 
C)  they have low solubility in blood plasma due to their chemical nature. 
D)  they cannot dissolve in the blood because they are water-soluble. 
A)  they are small enough to be easily digested by blood enzymes. 
B)  they are easily filtered from the blood into the kidney tubules. 
C)  they have low solubility in blood plasma due to their chemical nature. 
D)  they cannot dissolve in the blood because they are water-soluble.

Question 18

Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chronic hormone secretion 
B)  Long-term hormone secretion 
C)  Episodic hormone secretion 
D)  Acute hormone secretion 
A)  Chronic hormone secretion 
B)  Long-term hormone secretion 
C)  Episodic hormone secretion 
D)  Acute hormone secretion

Question 19

Increased testosterone levels reduce the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition of hormone release by humoral stimuli. 
B)  inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli. 
C)  inhibition of hormone release by external stimuli. 
D)  inhibition of hormonal release by environmental stimuli. 
E)  inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli. 
A)  inhibition of hormone release by humoral stimuli. 
B)  inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli. 
C)  inhibition of hormone release by external stimuli. 
D)  inhibition of hormonal release by environmental stimuli. 
E)  inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli.

Question 20

Most hormones are regulated by ________ mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative-feedback 
B)  neural-feedback 
C)  positive-feedback 
D)  hormonal-feedback 
A)  negative-feedback 
B)  neural-feedback 
C)  positive-feedback 
D)  hormonal-feedback

Exam 17: Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

The release of chemicals from an endocrine or exocrine gland is referred to as ________.

Changes in blood calcium levels affect the secretion of both PTH and calcitonin. PTH increases blood calcium levels but calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels. Calcium is therefore an humoral inhibitor of ________.

Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?

Blood chemistry changes are examples of ________ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of ________ stimuli for hormone release.

Which chemical class of hormone is more likely to need a binding protein for transport in the blood?

Hormonal secretion can be regulated by

Once a lipid-soluble hormone is conjugated in the liver

Match the description with the type of receptor model. -Messenger RNA synthesis regulated

Which type of chemical messenger is released from neurons to activate an adjacent cell?

After a meal, blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the release of insulin. Of which type of stimulation is this an example?

Match the description with the type of receptor model. -G-protein

In general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is ________ than their response to nervous stimulation.

The role of cAMP when it acts as an intracellular mediator in cells is to

Sympathetic neurons can serve as ________ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.

How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?

All of the following are reasons why some hormones need assistance to travel in the blood except

Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?

Increased testosterone levels reduce the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the anterior pituitary. This is an example of

Most hormones are regulated by ________ mechanisms.

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Blood chemistry changes are examples of stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of stimuli for hormone release.