Question 1

Who emphasized that conditioning processes were the basis for how animals learned to adapt to their environments?

Accepted Answer

A) John Locke 
B) Charles Darwin 
C) Ivan Pavlov 
D) Sigmund Freud 
A) John Locke 
B) Charles Darwin 
C) Ivan Pavlov 
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 2

Which of the following individuals is more likely to start smoking?

Accepted Answer

A) An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke. 
B) An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke. 
C) An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke. 
D) An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke. 
A) An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke. 
B) An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents do not smoke. 
C) An adolescent who has never seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke. 
D) An adolescent who has seen a movie with smoking and whose parents smoke.

Question 3

If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 4

What is the fundamental characteristic of operant conditioning that sets it apart from classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) It accounts for more variability in the conditioned response. 
B) It is Pavlovian rather than Skinnerian. 
C) It is reflexive rather than cognitively controlled. 
D) It involves an association of behavior and consequence. 
A) It accounts for more variability in the conditioned response. 
B) It is Pavlovian rather than Skinnerian. 
C) It is reflexive rather than cognitively controlled. 
D) It involves an association of behavior and consequence.

Question 5

As described by the psychological studies in the textbook, who or what is Bobo?

Accepted Answer

A) A young boy conditioned to fear rats. 
B) An inflatable doll. 
C) A horse that learned to read body language. 
D) A monkey that helped reveal the existence of mirror neurons. 
A) A young boy conditioned to fear rats. 
B) An inflatable doll. 
C) A horse that learned to read body language. 
D) A monkey that helped reveal the existence of mirror neurons.

Question 6

Positive punishment and negative punishment are similar in that both

Accepted Answer

A) produce an increase in behavior. 
B) produce a decrease in behavior. 
C) involve the administration of a stimulus. 
D) involve the removal of a stimulus. 
A) produce an increase in behavior. 
B) produce a decrease in behavior. 
C) involve the administration of a stimulus. 
D) involve the removal of a stimulus.

Question 7

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as

Accepted Answer

A) valence differentiation. 
B) salience response. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) stimulus discrimination. 
A) valence differentiation. 
B) salience response. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) stimulus discrimination.

Question 8

Layla wants to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box.Its reward will be to get twice as much food later.Why will this be difficult?

Accepted Answer

A) Mice are not responsive to positive reinforcement. 
B) Mice cannot process quantities. 
C) Layla would need to select a special breed of mouse. 
D) Evolutionary adaptations make the mouse want to keep all its food. 
A) Mice are not responsive to positive reinforcement. 
B) Mice cannot process quantities. 
C) Layla would need to select a special breed of mouse. 
D) Evolutionary adaptations make the mouse want to keep all its food.

Question 9

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
B) Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation. 
C) Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. 
D) Classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
A) Classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. 
B) Classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation. 
C) Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. 
D) Classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions.

Question 10

Imagine you are trapped in a cage.Every time you press a button, you get a drink of water.Every time you pull on a string, you get shocked.Soon, you understand that you should press the button, but leave the string alone.This example follows the theory of

Accepted Answer

A) the law of effect. 
B) effective learning. 
C) the law of learning. 
D) effective law. 
A) the law of effect. 
B) effective learning. 
C) the law of learning. 
D) effective law.

Question 11

Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas is a secondary reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) sex 
C) money 
D) juice 
A) water 
B) sex 
C) money 
D) juice

Question 12

Which statement best describes the reason for a positive prediction error?

Accepted Answer

A) the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus 
B) the arrival of a conditioned stimulus and its associated unconditioned stimulus 
C) the arrival of a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus 
D) the absence of an expected unconditioned stimulus 
A) the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus 
B) the arrival of a conditioned stimulus and its associated unconditioned stimulus 
C) the arrival of a conditioned stimulus with a new unconditioned stimulus 
D) the absence of an expected unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

According to the textbook, what is the current understanding of the purpose of mirror neurons?

Accepted Answer

A) Mirror neurons allow us to immediately memorize complex actions. 
B) Mirror neurons allow us to explain and predict the behavior of others. 
C) Mirror neurons allow us to feel the pain of others and thus learn to avoid painful situations. 
D) Mirror neurons allow us to identify the emotions of others in social interactions. 
A) Mirror neurons allow us to immediately memorize complex actions. 
B) Mirror neurons allow us to explain and predict the behavior of others. 
C) Mirror neurons allow us to feel the pain of others and thus learn to avoid painful situations. 
D) Mirror neurons allow us to identify the emotions of others in social interactions.

Question 14

You are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up.After a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only after she has put them in the dishwasher.This process is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) punishing. 
C) chaining. 
D) generalizing. 
A) shaping. 
B) punishing. 
C) chaining. 
D) generalizing.

Question 15

You are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her.Eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds.She begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains.In this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the song 
B) the food 
C) the time of day 
D) salivation 
A) the song 
B) the food 
C) the time of day 
D) salivation

Question 16

Tolman's work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of

Accepted Answer

A) partial-reinforcement learning. 
B) nonoperant learning. 
C) latent learning. 
D) reward learning. 
A) partial-reinforcement learning. 
B) nonoperant learning. 
C) latent learning. 
D) reward learning.

Question 17

What is the term used by behaviorists to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) deviation 
D) acquisition 
A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) deviation 
D) acquisition

Question 18

What is the difference between a positive and a negative prediction error?

Accepted Answer

A) A positive prediction error signals a reward, whereas a negative prediction error signals a punishment. 
B) A positive prediction error follows an expected reward, whereas a negative prediction error follows an unexpected reward. 
C) A positive prediction error signals fear, whereas a negative prediction error signals the absence of fear. 
D) A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association. 
A) A positive prediction error signals a reward, whereas a negative prediction error signals a punishment. 
B) A positive prediction error follows an expected reward, whereas a negative prediction error follows an unexpected reward. 
C) A positive prediction error signals fear, whereas a negative prediction error signals the absence of fear. 
D) A positive prediction error strengthens the association between a cue and a stimulus, whereas a negative prediction error weakens the association.

Question 19

What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) associative 
B) observational 
C) operant 
D) classical 
A) associative 
B) observational 
C) operant 
D) classical

Question 20

Learning without direct reinforcement is known as

Accepted Answer

A) delayed learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) partial reinforcement. 
D) latent learning. 
A) delayed learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) partial reinforcement. 
D) latent learning.

Who emphasized that conditioning processes were the basis for how animals learned to adapt to their environments?

Which of the following individuals is more likely to start smoking?

If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of

What is the fundamental characteristic of operant conditioning that sets it apart from classical conditioning?

As described by the psychological studies in the textbook, who or what is Bobo?

Positive punishment and negative punishment are similar in that both

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as

Layla wants to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box.Its reward will be to get twice as much food later.Why will this be difficult?

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Imagine you are trapped in a cage.Every time you press a button, you get a drink of water.Every time you pull on a string, you get shocked.Soon, you understand that you should press the button, but leave the string alone.This example follows the theory of

Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas is a secondary reinforcer.

Which statement best describes the reason for a positive prediction error?

According to the textbook, what is the current understanding of the purpose of mirror neurons?

Tolman's work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of

What is the term used by behaviorists to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

What is the difference between a positive and a negative prediction error?

What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior?

Learning without direct reinforcement is known as

The Science of Psychology

Research Methodology

Biology and Behaviour

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Exam 6: Learning

Who emphasized that conditioning processes were the basis for how animals learned to adapt to their environments?

Which of the following individuals is more likely to start smoking?

If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of

What is the fundamental characteristic of operant conditioning that sets it apart from classical conditioning?

As described by the psychological studies in the textbook, who or what is Bobo?

Positive punishment and negative punishment are similar in that both

The ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as

Layla wants to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box.Its reward will be to get twice as much food later.Why will this be difficult?

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Imagine you are trapped in a cage.Every time you press a button, you get a drink of water.Every time you pull on a string, you get shocked.Soon, you understand that you should press the button, but leave the string alone.This example follows the theory of

Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas is a secondary reinforcer.

Which statement best describes the reason for a positive prediction error?

According to the textbook, what is the current understanding of the purpose of mirror neurons?

Tolman's work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of

What is the term used by behaviorists to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?

What is the difference between a positive and a negative prediction error?

What type of learning occurs when one's behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior?

Learning without direct reinforcement is known as

The Science of Psychology

Research Methodology

Biology and Behaviour

Consciousness

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking, Language and Intelligence

Human Development

Emotion and Motivation

Health and Wellbeing

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Filters